Analysis of the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay Lady Macbeth is a complex and intriguing character she presents various elements in her character, often surprising us with sudden turns of personality. This reflects with Macbeth and her, causing various changes in their relationship drawing them both closer together, and pushing them away from one another. When we first meet Lady Macbeth in Act One, Scene 5, she is reading Macbeths letter. This is the letter that openly tells word for word what happened and what the witches told Macbeth. He obviously had no hesitation in being so open with his wife, which is notable. Straight away, Lady Macbeth takes from the letter her own interpretation, saying that she knows that Macbeth must now kill Duncan so that he can be King as the witches have said, but she also analyses his nature from the letter, fearing that he will be too good natured to carry it out. This suggests that she knows at this point that she is going to have to persuade him. As the scene progresses, an Attendant comes in and tells Lady Macbeth that the King is on his way to the castle to stay with them. Once he leaves, Lady Macbeth is speaking as if she is ultimately sure that this murder will go ahead. But she is fully aware that it is going to be emotionally very difficult to go through with, and she calls upon evil spirits to assist her murderous plans. Come, you spirits, That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here And fill me from crown to the toe top full Of direst cruelty; She does not want to have any human emotion within her, as she knows that that will cause her to possibly back down and not go through with her plans, so she begs that she lose her inner feelings of conscience; Stop thaccess and passage to remorse That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose nor keep peace between Theffect of it. At this point Macbeth enters she greets him with notions of future greatness, almost as if she is already beginning to tempt him with her ideas of murdering Duncan. She urges him to keep a welcoming look on his face when the others arrive, so as not to give away their deadly intentions. At the end of the scene Lady Macbeth gives him words of comfort by telling him not to worry, she will take care of things. Even that small gesture goes to show how controlling she likes to be, especially of this situation. The next scene that Lady Macbeth appears in is Act 1, Scene 6, where she has a brief appearance. She comes in simply to welcome Duncan with elaborate courtesy, almost over the top in her greeting. She is obviously making every effort to lull Duncan into a false sense of security. She also makes notable reference to the loyalty, obedience, and their gratefulness for his past honours to Macbeth and herself. This is a perfect example of the sort of open lying and falsehood that seems to come easy to Lady Macbeth. She has no trouble with coming out with any sort of lies so that her plans may run smoothly. This is evident of her character throughout the play. The next scene Lady Macbeth is in, Act 1, scene 7, is when she comes in straight after a monologue from Macbeth where he is struggling with his conscience. Now he has been left to his own thoughts for a while, he has began to think back to all the times that Duncan has helped and honoured him, and is quickly coming up with more and more reasons against going ahead with the murder. Once Lady Macbeth enters, Macbeth tells her that he is now not going to go through with it and Lady Macbeth reacts very negatively. She immediately accuses him of not loving her, claiming that if he did then he would go through with it. From this time Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour, As thou Art in desire ? This is blatant emotional blackmail, but when Macbeth doesnt back down, she quickly gets more and more harsh with her words. She borders on over dramatic, while maintaining every sense of meaning what she says, (which in itself is debatable). She says that Macbeth is no man if he is to break such a promise. This reference of not being manly is also used later, by Macbeth himself, when he accuses the two murderers of not being real men, but dogs. What beast wast then That made you break this enterprise to me ? When you durst do it, then you were a man. And to be more than what you were, you would- Be so much more the man. She then speaks the worst reference of all-she tells Macbeth that she would rather brutally kill her own child than to break such a promise. I have given suck and know, How tender tis to love a babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn As you have done to this. All of her words are pure shock tactics, attempting to make Macbeth feel awful for even thinking of disagreeing with her. And, just as she wants, he breaks and agrees to carry on with their plot. She reassures him that it will all go smoothly, and she will drug the guards, so that they can later be blamed for the deed. Again, she is reassuring Macbeth, and he is taking in everything she tells him. This is commonplace in their relationship, with what we have seen of the couple so far. The next scene our Lady appears in is Act 2, scene 2. Lady Macbeth has drugged the bodyguards as she stated she would, and is waiting on Macbeths return from killing Duncan. She is exhilarated with excitement but fears that the murder has not been gone through with. However soon after the scene begins, Macbeth returns, bloody daggers in hand. He tells her that he has in fact killed Duncan, but is distraught. He is obsessed by his inability to say Amen after his cruel deed had been done. He is also transfixed by a voice that he had heard, crying that he has murdered sleep and would never sleep again. Still it cried, Sleep no more to all the house; Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more. Lady Macbeth in her usual non-sympathising way dismisses his hallucinations and orders him to put the daggers back by the guards. Who was it, thus cried? Why, worthy thane, You do unbend your noble strength to think So brain-sickly of things. Go and get some water And wash this filthy witness from your hand. Why did you bring these daggers from your place? They must lie there. Go carry them and smear The sleepy grooms with Blood. Macbeth, changing his usual role in the relationship, refuses! Ill go no more I am afraid to think what I have done; Look ont again, I dare not. Lady Macbeth seems a little taken aback, but bossily takes the daggers to put them back herself. She leaves Macbeth to his own thoughts. A knocking sound frightens the already very fragile-minded Macbeth, and on Lady Macbeths almost immediate return, she tells him to pull himself together, and smoothly plans an alibi. This scene is another clear cut example of Lady Macbeths dominant role in her and her husbands relationship. It seems Macbeths strength in life is found within Lady Macbeth. And Lady Macbeth herself feeds on this. So this situation is a fantastic opportunity for each of the two to show how they in their own way depend on one another. The next scene Lady Macbeth appears in, is at a climax point when Duncan is found dead. When Lady Macbeth enters, she is told of the news, and she, smooth as silk, acts suitably shocked at the news. This would have been substantial enough, but then when Macbeth re-enters to tell them all that he has killed the two guards, Lady Macbeth attempts to take the attention from him, by fainting. Of course, this as planned takes eyes away from Macbeth, and the moment is broken. Some might say however, that at this point Lady Macbeth is acting of rather high suspicion from being so overly-dramatic. But we have to assume that they are already so distraught about Duncan, and still so wrapped up in all of the goings on, that they miss this-which of course suits Lady Macbeth down to the ground! 2 scenes later, when Lady Macbeth next appears, Act 3, scene 1, she is now heralded as Queen. She only has presence there for 3 short lines, but essentially helps Macbeth to invite Banquo to that evenings banquet, and again is almost overly welcoming, which might, looked at in other eyes, look again rather suspicious. The next scene that Lady Macbeth appears in is Act 3, Scene 2. The scenes between her appearance and this one, show Macbeth hiring murderers to kill Banquo. This is a massive pivotal step for Macbeth, as he is clearly taking matters into his own hands rather than relying upon his Lady. He is however still very wound up about the murder and what has gone on. This reflects into Lady Macbeth, as in this scene she is shown to be rather troubled at this point, because Macbeth is still utterly distraught at what has gone on. She advises him not to brood at what has gone on, but this makes little difference. This may be because he is simply too upset to notice her help, but may also be because he is ceasing to listen to her so much. Macbeth then goes on to talk about how he even envies the peace that Duncan has now that he is dead! It was certainly not part of Lady Macbeths plan for Macbeth to get so upset, and I dont think shes quite sure how to handle it! Then however, Macbeth turns his attentions to telling his wife to pay special attentions to Banquo that night at the banquet. He hints darkly to her of dark deeds going ahead that night. This is almost teasing her with information-he knows that she thrives on being the one in control and is almost lavish with his words. At this, Lady Macbeth says nothing, but we can but imagine how she would be feeling to have the notion that Macbeth is doing things without her guidance or leadership. The next scene she is in is Act 3 Scene 4. Banquo has now been killed by Macbeths hired murderers. This scene is the all important banquet scene. It is a banquet held by Macbeth and his Lady, to welcome all of the lords under him, and essentially to try and impress them so that they will support him. Therefore it is undoubtedly very important for everything to go well. The very beginning of the scene shows Macbeth welcoming them all, and inviting them to sit down. The murderers then enter to inform him of Banquos death, and Fleances escape. Macbeth is distressed at the news of Fleances escape, but soon consoles himself that Fleance is too young to do any harm. Then, Banquos ghost appears, and sits in Macbeths seat. Lennox urges him to sit down with them, but Macbeth denies that there is space for him to sit down. A small discussion takes place in which they are all urging Macbeth to sit down, and Macbeth continues to deny there is space! He then becomes increasingly upset, and accuses the Lords of putting Banquos ghost there. Sensing that there will be trouble, Lady Macbeth intervenes and tries to calm the situation, and the confused Lords, by telling them that Macbeth is having a momentary lapse, and not to encourage him as it will upset him further; Sit, worthy friends. My lord is often thus, And hath been from his youth. Pray you, keep seat. The fit is momentary; upon a thought He will again be well. If much you note him You shall offend him and extend his passion. Feed, and regard him not. She then turns to Macbeth and uses a past used expression of, Are you a man?! He answers that he is, and much alike to her character, dismisses him just as she has done so often before when Macbeth shows weakness. Macbeth tells her to look at the ghost, as he is seeing already, and then tries to talk to the ghost! This shows how certain he is that Banquos ghost is there. The Ghost then leaves the room, and while still maintaining that he saw Banquos ghost, Macbeth broods for a short time on how the dead return. He then seems to settle himself, and apologises to his guests before proposing a toast of general good health to them all, and to Banquo. At this point, the situation seems to have been salvaged but then the Ghost re-enters and once again and Macbeth explodes into violent language, through obvious sheer fear. Lady Macbeth attempts to reassure the guests in between his outbursts. Think of this, good peers, But as a thing of custom. Tis no other, Only it spoils the pleasure of the time. But as Macbeth rants on, terrified, she realises she is losing control of the situation, and makes a last bid of control by ordering the Lords to leave. I pray you speak not; he grows worse and worse. Question enrages him. At once, good night. Stand not upon the order of your going, But go at once. The Lords leave, while Macbeth broods on murder, and the general unnaturalness. Lady Macbeth does little to stop him, which suggests that she is finally at a loss of what to do. It is evident that she has lost control of him at this point. Macbeth vows that he will go and see the witches and will go by anything they tell him from now onwards. This may seem simple to Macbeth, but must be difficult for Lady Macbeth, as this is yet another blatant turn away from her control and guidance. She tells him to go to bed, not even commenting on his choice to go to the witches instead of her. After this scene, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth do not appear in any more scenes together. Macbeth most definitely continues to take the lead in the relationship, which is a complete and utter turn around from what we were seeing at the beginning of the play. Macbeths and his Ladys relationship was based almost entirely on the fact that he depended on her completely, trusting her with everything. She in turn depended on him, as her role in their relationship purely was to guide and dominate Macbeth. This had worked perfectly fine until the point when they killed Duncan. This was a pivotal point in the play, because after Macbeth had gone through with the murder he, through his own decision and means, went and killed the guards. This was not part of Lady Macbeths structured plan, and this was his first break away from her regulation. From that point, Macbeth rapidly began to break away from Lady Macbeths domineering side, and started doing things for himself, notably when he arranged for Fleance and Banquo to be killed. As the play progresses it was evident that Macbeth was speedily becoming a much stronger, more brutal, and perhaps most significantly, self dependant. And as a direct result, Lady Macbeth faded out in her dominance and general persona. The next scene that Lady Macbeth appears in is much later in the play, which is Act 5, scene 1. She hasnt even been mentioned during this time, let alone by Macbeth. The scene begins with a waiting-gentlewoman and a doctor. The Gentlewoman is telling the Doctor that she is concerned, as Lady Macbeth has been frequently been sleepwalking. He asks her what she has been saying all the while she has been sleepwalking, and she refuses to tell him. However at that point Lady Macbeth herself enters, sleepwalking, and he finds out for himself. She is seemingly rubbing her hands, which the Doctor enquires about. Then, Lady Macbeth speaks; Yet here a spot So the two onlookers listen to her words. Out damned spot! Out, I say! One. Two. Why then tis time to dot. Hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard ? What need we fear ? Who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him? And then; The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now ? What will these neer be clean? No more othat, my lord, no morethat. You mar all this starting. The Doctor and Gentlewoman at this point comment that they know that she has spoken of what she has not. She has basically just told them that she knows and was involved in murder. And still, she continues; Heres the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O. The doctor and gentlewoman are somewhat shocked at her words and state that her heart is heavily burdened. The Doctor says that, This disease is beyond my practise, meaning that he cannot heal her saddened heart. And then Lady Macbeth speaks again; Wash your hands, out on your nightgown, look not so pale. I tell you yet again, Banquos buried; he cannot come out ons grave. And then; To bed, to bed; theres a knocking at the gate. Come, come, come, come, give me your hand; whats done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed. And then she leaves. Her last few words are the words she told Macbeth when he was so unsure of himself and was upset at what they had done. When she repeats them at this point, it is almost as if she is reassuring herself as she speaks, rather than just going over it, which is interesting. It is obvious that now that it has finally hit Lady Macbeth the extent of what has been happening. It has finally occurred to her also, how much she has lost control. And this is literally killing her. The Doctor and Gentlewoman do not want to comment on what they have heard, for fear of what has been said. The scene ends with the Doctor being bid goodnight by the gentlewoman, as he goes to find Macbeth and tell him of his diagnosis. When Macbeth, 2 scenes later, is told that Lady Macbeth is irreparably unwell, he simply dismisses medicine and even suggestively dismisses the Doctor himself, while asking for his armour. He is only now thinking of himself. That is clear. He has no feelings of care or love for his once doted upon wife and instead can only think of himself and what is going on around him in regards to the attack. In Act5, scene 5, Macbeth is told of Lady Macbeths inevitable death. If at any point much earlier in their relationship Macbeth had been given such news, he would undoubtedly have been distraught. It would have been of great loss to him. But here, not so. Instead, he selfishly twists the news into some sort of extra problem or hassle to him. He sees it as another bad thing that has happened in his life. He shows no sadness, and instead is filled with feelings of resentment that it should just be yet another downfall in his life. This shows just how bad their relationship has got. It has got to the point where Macbeth is literally only looking out for one person, and one person only- himself. He has no further need for a wife, and so feels no grief at her death, and instead reflects on lifes futility; Out, out, brief candle, Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury. Signifying nothing. As we have followed Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship, various changes have occurred, which in turn have all ricocheted down the line towards Lady Macbeths death, and then eventually Macbeths own death. Macbeth took first steps towards less dependence when he went and killed the guards. This was not an apparent part of Lady Macbeths plan, and this unsettled her. But still she took charge of the situation by fainting, to draw away attention from his unintended actions. Then, he took further steps by arranging Banquo and Fleance to be murdered, and then Macduffs family. Most importantly in it all, Macbeth did not tell Lady Macbeth of his actions. Instead he teased her with the notion of his plots and plans, leaving her ponder. He most probably enjoyed this mockery of his wife, as it was a large statement in their relationship, which once had been based on his dependence. He continues after all this to keep breaking away from her. He stops telling her his thoughts and plans entirely, and in accordance to this, Lady Macbeth loses her somewhat vital status, which is essentially what she thrived on, and how was the only way to keep their relationship going in the only way she knew how. So inexorably she gets to a point when she is only left to her own thoughts which she has in the past shied away from through putting all her efforts into her husband and his welfare. Off-stage, she dies, although it is never made clear how. We are left to assume that as foreseen by the doctor she died in her bed of such a burdened heart. Alternatively she may have taken her own life, or fallen on roman daggers, as it described as earlier in the play. As described earlier Macbeth takes this to his own heart as another fault in his own life, and shortly after this point is justifiably murdered himself, by Macduff, whose family Macbeth earlier killed. Earlier in the play, Lady Macbeth sums up the futility of their actions and almost a premonition of what lay ahead was summed up when she said; Noughts had, alls spent Where our desire is got without content. Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.

The Leadership Of General George Washington

The Leadership Of General George Washington United States of America is the world super power. During golden history of United States of America great leaders paved the way to achieve the present world supremacy. Dedicated service rendered by General George Washington as a war wining General to the great nation of America is significant. General George Washington is considered as the founder father of the United States of America. General George Washington is still in the green memories of the Americans due to his distinguished service as commanding general of the revolutionary army. George Washington played a crucial role during the French and Indian War that lasted for seven years. During 1775 to 1783 George Washington led the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary war .Under his leadership America gained independence. General George Washington led the Continental Army towards victory. His great achievements and military operations were exclusive. General Washingtons military career provides a model of l eadership strategic and tactical skills. As the commander in chief of the continental army, his achievements and services to the nation were remarkable. He possessed a great strength of character and a wealth of sound leadership qualities. He was a leader with calm, trustworthy, wise, unselfish, determined sense of patriotic commitment to the nation and leader who treated his citizen solidarity 2. General George Washingtons greatness can be identified by three ways firstly, as commander in chief of the Continental Army, secondly as president of the constitutional convention, and thirdly as the first President of the United States of America. General Washington became the President in 1789, following the end of war with the Great Britain in 1783. His exemplary performances as the first president of the United States of America were commendable. As a political leader and as the first president of the country General George Washington displayed great leadership qualities same as he exhibited in battlefield. General Washington had a vision of a making America as powerful nation using federal power. As President, George Washington played a leading role in drafting the American Constitution in 1789 and extended his contribution by building a strong central government. General Washington first adopted the foreign policy of neutrality. In 1773, he prevented international conflicts and  interruptions  of other countries. He was the prominent figure in establishing essential political conventions to ensure the success of the new republic. General Washington was not a member of any political party. Due to dedicated service rendered and his exceptional contribution to the nation as the farther of the nation he is honoured by every American citizen. People all over the world admire his leadership and reputed character. AIM 3. The aim of this presentation is to acquaint the student officers on military leadership and political leadership of General George Washington. EARLY LIFE 4. General George Washington was born in Virginia on 22 February 1732. Little George learned to read and write during his school time. He attended school from his 7th to his 15th year. His favorite subject in school was mathematics. He enjoyed hunting, fishing, and boating on the river a lot. At the age of eleven, his father died. George had to help his mother to run their farmhouse and watch his younger sister and brothers during his early stages. 5. General Washington embarked upon a career as a surveyor in 1748. In 1749 he was appointed to his first public office in Culpeper Company. George was joined the Virginia army when he was twenty one. Soon after his resignation from his commission George Washington married the widow  Martha Dandridge Custis  in 1759. MILITARY CAREER 4. George Washingtons military accomplishments are not popularly appreciated for two reasons: his distinction as first president of the new nation was unique and his enduring achievements in military operations were not based upon a series of conquests or large-scale battles. Nevertheless, General Washingtons military career provides a model of leadership and strategic and tactical expertise. 5. Military career of George Washington  spanned over forty years of service. General Washingtons service can be broken in three periods that is French and Indian War,  American Revolutionary War, and the  Quasi-War  with  France, with service in three different armed forces British provincial militia, the  Continental Army, and the  United States Army. 6. General Washingtons  military experience began in the  French and Indian War  with a commission as a major in the  militia  of the British  Province of Virginia. In 1753 General Washington was sent as an  ambassador  from the  British  crown to the  French  officials and  Indians  as far north as present-day Pennsylvania. The following year he led another expedition to the area to assist in the construction of a fort at present-day  Pittsburgh. Before reaching that point, he and some of his men, accompanied by Indian allies,  ambushed a French scouting party. Its leader was killed, although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed. This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global  Seven Years War. The French responded by  attacking fortifications which General Washington erected  following the ambush, forcing his surrender. Released on parole, General Washington and his troops returned to Virginia. 7. General Washington  played a key role  in the outbreak of the  French and Indian war, and then led the defense of Virginia between 1755 and 1758 as colonel of the Virginia Regiment. Although General Washington never received a commission in the British Army, he gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills,  and received significant public exposure in the colonies and abroad.  He closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution. He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and retreats. He developed a command presence, given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question. General Washington learned to organize, train, and drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations w ith professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. 8. In 1755 he participated as a volunteer aide in the ill-fated  expedition of General Edward Braddock, where he distinguished himself in the retreat following the climactic Battle of Monongahela. He served from 1755 until 1758 as colonel and commander of the  Virginia Regiment, directing the provincial defenses against French and Indian raids and building the regiment into one of the best-trained provincial militias of the time. He led the regiment as part of the 1758 expedition of General  John Forbes  that successfully  drove the French from Fort Duquesne. 9. General Washington gained valuable military skills during the war, acquiring tactical, strategic, and logistical military experience. His military exploits, although they included some notable failures, made his military reputation in the colonies such that he became a natural selection as the commander in chief of the  Continental Army  following the outbreak of the  American Revolutionary war  in 1775. 10. General Washington played a leading military and political role in the  American Revolution. He appeared before the  Second Continental Congress  in military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for  war. Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, the next day it selected General Washington as commander-in-chief. 11. General Washington appeared before the  Second Continental Congress  in military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war. Congress created the  Continental Army  on June 14, the next day it selected George Washington as commander-in-chief. There was no serious rival to his experience and confident leadership, let alone his base in the largest colony. 12. George Washington assumed command of the colonial forces in Boston in July 1775, during the ongoing  siege of Boston. George Washington reorganized the army during the long standoff, and forced the British to withdraw by putting artillery on  Dorchester Heights  overlooking the city. The British  evacuated Boston  and George Washington moved his army to  New York City. In August 1776, British General  launched a massive naval and land  campaign to capture New York designed to seize New York City and offer a negotiated settlement. The Americans were committed to independence, but General Washington was unable to hold New York. Defeated at the  Battle of Long Island, his armys subsequent night time retreat across the  East River  without the loss of a single life or  material has been seen by some historians as one of General Washingtons greatest military feats. On the night of December 25, 1776, General Washington staged a  counter attack, leading the Ame rican forces  across the Delaware River to capture nearly 1,000  Hessians  in  Trenton, New Jersey. General Washington followed up the assault with a surprise attack on British forces at  Princeton. These unexpected victories after a series of losses recaptured New Jersey, drove the British back to the New York City area, and gave a dramatic boost to revolutionary morale. 13. General Washingtons army led a massive attack on the British garrison at the  Battle of Germantown  in early October. While unsuccessful, the battle left the British army badly scarred and marked the beginning of several offensively-minded moves by General Washington. 14. French entry into the war changed the dynamics, for the British were no longer sure of command of the seas and had to worry about an invasion of their home islands. The British evacuated Philadelphia in 1778 and returned to New York City, with General Washington attacking them along the way at the  Battle of Monmouth. This was the last major battle in the north. During this time, General Washington remained with his army outside New York, looking for an opportunity to strike a decisive blow while dispatching troops to other operations to the north and south. The long-awaited opportunity finally came in 1781, after a  French naval victory  allowed American and French forces to trap a British army in Virginia. The  surrender at Yorktown on October 17, 1781 marked the end of fighting. The  Treaty of Paris Treaty recognized the independence of the United States. 15. General Washingtons contribution to victory in the American Revolution was not that of a great battlefield tactician. In fact he sometimes planned operations that were too complicated for his amateur soldiers to execute. However, his overall strategy proved to be successful keep control of the population at all times, keep the army intact and avoid decisive battles except to exploit enemy mistakes. 16. On December 23, 1783, General Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief to the  Congress of the Confederation. Because of General Washingtons importance in the early history of the United States of America, he was grated a posthumous promotion to General of the armies of the United States, legislatively defined to be the highest possible rank in the United States Army, more than 175 years after his death on 19th January 1976. SUCCESSES AND DRAWBACKS OF MILITARY CAREER 17. Battle of Jumonville. The Battle of Jumonville Glen, also known as the Jumonville affair, fought on May 28 1754 near Uniontown in Fayette Country, Pennsylvania was the opening battle of the French and Indian war. A company of colonial militia from Virginia commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Washington and no of Mingo warriors led by Tanacharison ambushed a force of 35 Frenchmen commanded by Joseph Coulon Villiers de Jumonville. A larger French force had driven off the small construction crew, and sent Jumonville to warn General Washington about encroaching on French claimed territory. General Washington was alerted to Jumonvilles presence by Tanacharison, and they joined forces to surround the French camp. Some of the Frenchmen were killed in the ambush, and most of the others were captured. Jumonville was among the slain, although the exact circumstances of his death are a subject of historical controversy and on debate. 18. Siege of Boston. Siege began on April 19, when the militia from many Massachusetts communities surrounded Boston and blocked land access to the then peninsular town, limiting British supply to naval operations. In March 1776, using the artillery pieces Dorchester Heights were fortified, overlooking Boston and its harbor and threatening the British naval supply lifeline. The British commander William Howe realizing he could no longer hold the town. He withdrew the British forces, departing on March 17. 19. Battle of Trenton. During the American Revolutionary war the Battle of Trenton took place on 26 December 1776. The hazardous crossing of Delaware River made it possible for General Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Armys flagging morale. Because the river was icy and the weather was severe, the crossing proved the danger. Two detachments were unable to cross the river, leaving General Washington and the 2,400 men under his command alone in the assault. General Washingtons forces caught them off guard and, before the Hessians could resist, they were taken as prisoners. 20. Battle of Princeton. General George Washingtons revolutionary forces defeated British forces near Princeton, in the battle of Princeton on 3 January 1777 New Jersey. On the night of 2 January 1777 George Washington, Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, repulsed a British attack at the Battle of Assunpink Creek in Trenton. That night, he evacuated his position, circled around General Lord Cornwallis army, and went to attack the British garrison at Princeton. Brigadier General Hugh Mercer of the Continental Army clashed with two regiments commanded by Lieutenant colonel Charles Mawhood of the British Army. Mercer and his troops were overrun and General Washington sent some militia under General John Cadwalaader to help him. The militia, on seeing the flight of Mercers men, also began to flee. General Washington rode up with reinforcements and rallied the fleeing militia. He then led the attack on Mawhoods troops, driving them back. Mawhood gave the order to retreat and most of the troops tried to flee to Cornwallis in Trenton. 21. Sieges of York Town. Decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces commanded by General George Washington and French forces commanded by Comte de Rochambeau against British Army commanded by Lieutenant general Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in North America, as the surrender of Cornwallis army prompted the British government eventually to negotiate an end to the conflict. 22. Battle of Fort Necessity. The Battle of Fort Necessity or the Battle of the Great Meadows took place on 3 July 1754. The engagement was one of the first battles of the French and Indian war and George Washington was the only military surrender. 23. Battle of Long Island. First major battle in the American Revolutionary War. The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, fought on 27 August 1776. United States Declaration of Independence the largest battle of the entire conflict, and the first battle in which an army of the United States engaged, having declared itself a nation only the month before. 24. On 22August 1776 the British landed on the western end of Long Island , across the Narrows of from Staten Island from the East River crossings to Manhattan. After five days of waiting, the British attacked American defenses on the Guana Heights Unknown to the Americans., however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after. The Americans panicked, although a stand by 250 Maryland troops prevented most of the army from being captured. The remainder of the army fled to the main defenses Brooklyn Heights on the night of 29,30 August General Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of material or a single life. General Washington and the Continental Army driven out of New York several more defeats and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. 25. Landing at Kips Bay. During the New York Campaign in the American Revolutionary War the Landing at Kips Bay on 15 September 1776, was a British amphibious landing occurring on the eastern shore of present day Manhattan Heavy advance fire from British naval forces in the East River caused the inexperienced militia guarding the landing area to flee, making it possible for the British to land unopposed at Kips Bay.. The operation was a decisive British success 26. Battle of White Plains. The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey Campaign of The American Revolutionary War on 28 October 1776, near White Plains, New York White Plains, Following the retreat of George Washingtons Continental Army northward from New York City. British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester Country, intending to cut off General Washingtons escape route. Alerted to this move, General Washington retreated further, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failing to establish firm control over local high ground. Howes troops drove General Washingtons troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, General Washington ordered the Americans to move away further north. POLITICAL LIFE 27. Arrival to the Politics. With the support of his best and influential friends, George Washington stepped on to the politics. That is in 1759 in Virginia. Having engaging actively in his politics for ten years General Washington became the leader of Virginias political party. The main ambition of General Washingtons leadership in the politics was opposition to Great Britains colonial policies. At first he hoped to reconciliation with Britain, although some British policies had touched him personally. British land policies and restrictions on western had seriously effect to the public and its expansion after 1763 was seriously hindered to the country. Discriminations by the colonial military officers to the public were not so longer with General Washingtons up rising. General Washington started make influence to British by representing the usual planters dilemma actively. All forms of events leaded to a revolution over Britain. In June 1775 he was Congresss unanimous choice as comm ander in chief of the Continental forces. 28. The American Revolution. During 1775 to 1783 George Washington led the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental forces. 29. The presidency. After the many dedications following the American Revolution, General Washington was unanimously the first president of the United States of America on April 30 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City. Having colonial governing system the country did not had her own Constitution for longer. General Washington as democratic leader to the public he made the Constitution of his mother land and submitted to the state for ratification and became legally operative. By now being the first of the establishment he generally supported the advocates of strong central government. In his Inaugural address as the president of the United States of America he implements the various forms and rituals of government that have been ever since, such as using a cabinet system. As president he built a strong, well financed national government which he planned to avoid wars. 30. General Washington suppressed rebellion and acceptance among Americans of all types and now he is known as the Father of his Country. The First United States Congress voted to pay General Washington a salary of $ 25,000 a years a larger sum in 1789. But General Washington declined the salary, since he valued his image as a selfless public servant. How ever General Washington accepted the salary by thinking that with out a payment it is hard to serve when it comes to individuals. Reflecting his leadership General Washington proved an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character. He talked regularly with department heads and listened to their advices before making decisions. Inhaling routing tasks, he was systematic, orderly, and energetic. But when taking decisions he considered the future of the country as the first. 31. Establishment of Judiciary. When General Washington assumed office, especially the executive and judicial branches had not yet been developed. Apart from the constitutionally established offices, no other agencies or courts had yet been established, which should have to establish for the governing system. Instead of focusing the executive branch, General Washington wished to open judiciary. BY forecasting the future necessaries General Washington established the judiciary branches within the public community through the judiciary Act of 1789, General Washington established a six member Supreme Court. 32. The court was composed of one chief Justice and five Associated Justices. The Supreme Court was given the exclusive original jurisdiction over all suits and proceedings brought against ambassadors and other diplomatic personal which by that General Washington covered the legal aspects of the nation. 33. Creation of Cabinet. General Washington had himself with a sophisticated team of consultants, supporters and successfully delegated most of the responsibilities for the conduct of their offices to those trusted colleagues, with all these big heads General Washington made steps to the strong future of the country which will always depend on the best foundation. The first executive offices created under the, a. President was the secretary of the state, b. The Secretary of the Treasury, c. The Secretary of War, d. The Post master General and e. The Attorney General. 34. Each office, excluding the Autonomy General would head an executive department. These five officials, along the President and wise president formed the backbone of the United States Cabinet. General Washington signed a bill into law of reauthorizing an executive department of foreign affairs on July 27, 1789. That was headed by a Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Analyzing the future benefits and its necessity General Washington show the important of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, which is by now playing the highest international player as the USA is the world super power at the movement. 35. Department of Foreign Affairs renamed as the United States Department of State and named the Secretary of the State as the head of the Department. General Washington approved this act on Septembe1789. Secretarys main function was to serve as the principle advisor to the President in determination of foreign policy. General Washington established the United States Department of the Treasury and named the head of it as Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary of the Treasury served as the principle economic adviser to the President and would play a critical role in policy making by bringing an economic and government financial policy. 36. To manage the USA Army, he created the position of Secretary of War to head the United States Department of War. The Secretarys duties were, planning and managing the national military and oversaw the creation of a series of coastal of fortification. By implementing and guiding with all these national establishments and policies General Washington made the future of the USA as well. 37. Retirement and Assessment. By March 2, 1797, when General Washington left the office, the countries financial system was well established. General Washington decided to not run for third terms of his political campaign and he went home to Mount Vernon when General Washington was succeeded by his vise- president. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES 38. General George Washington emerges as the most momentous leader in the United States of America. General Washington lived and worked with brilliant philosophers, thinkers, writers and organizers, such as Benjamin Franklin, Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Alexander Hamilton and Dickinson. Almost all were far better educated than him and he acquired sound knowledge by associating them. General Washingtons profound morality, unselfish nature and self control coupled with what was obviously a good intellect enabled him surpass all the other contemporize. 39. His personality is extremely inspiring. His presence has always multiplied the efficiency and courage of his followers and contemplators. Leadership qualities of George Washington are extended to a grater magnitude. He is a fine mixture of all those qualities of balance personality, extra ordinary character, strong physical endurance, sound intellectual, grate moral and many others that a successful leader need to inspire with. Moreover, he had the best long and short range ideas and how to maintain coherency between them and he was a really innovative and farsighted leader. 40. Visionary Leadership. As a visionary leader President General Washington continued to be a charismatic leader who kept the loyalty and affection to the people. He nourished this through his tours to all states and through numerous public appearances. However, when principle demanded that he acted in such a way that would engender serious opposition, but he stuck to his principles and in time the people discovering that he had acted wisely, renewed their regard and affection. The two major events causing such situations were his declaration of neutrality during the French Revolution and his signing of the Jay Treaty with Great Britain. 41. Moral Courage and Confidence. General Washington was a person of a highest moral character. His profound moral awareness and moral sensitive principles were brilliant. When compared to British strength, strength of his Revolutionary Forces wear nowhere mach to them, but his moral courage and confidence which he entrusted on his followers were the fact what make the different to defeat the British at last. Because he had morale to rise against even defeat after a defeat and the same morale were inculcated on to his contemporaries and followers to achieve common goal. 42. Integrity and Loyalty. His Presidency was somewhat tough. Because he relied a lot on the fact that throughout his whole life the country first and during the presidency he rule the country based on that. Like any President, he didnt have much control over everything that he would have liked to have. But People trusted him to stand above the politics, stand above the disputes, and keep the interests of the country in mind. He did not admit formation of parties and believed that parties would divide the society or community. His Integrity, honesty and loyalty were remarkable. It is proved with the loyal service he rendered to Britain as a military officer 43. Self Discipline. George Washington was a sound self disciplined character. All his followers trusted him because of that he was very restrained to express any personal or religious views which may lead to unnecessary deviation of the common goal. Instead of going for personal benefits he was even reluctant to accept a wage for the presidency. Moreover he himself set as an example for well discipline character by doing such. 44. Determination and Willpower. General Washington really had a vision for where the US could go and what it could become and he had this idea of moving beyond parties and partial benefits. His every single move was planed against that. Strength of mind that he posses were inherited to his life which enhanced his willpower through out what ever the position that he held. His driving ambition, love of detail, endurance, sense of responsibility and other evident qualities that made him the person with strong determination and willpower. The inborn capabilities and talents enhanced his over role corrector. 45. Ability to communicate. Ability to communicate is one of the most important characteristic of a good leader. This is more common within the military leaders. The decisions of the military leaders are directly related to life or death and success or failure at lower levels and with fate of the nation at highest level. General Washington possessed optimum level of ability to communicate both as a military and political leader. This extraordinary ability were been used by him during his tours to all the states and numerous public appearances to address the heart and mind of the countrymans which motivated them for extreme sacrifices for country. LESSONS LEARNT 46. There is much that can be learned by entrepreneurs from General George Washington, aside from this act of selfless leadership and dedication to his ultimate objective of creating a nation. General Washington was after all, an entrepreneur himself. He had to creatively resource the new and under-resourced Continental Army. As a leader, he had to train, organize, motivate and manage this new and different fighting force. He led his people through very adverse circumstances, always keeping them focused on their higher purpose rather than their current difficult state of affairs. 47. To understand the monumental task that General Washington undertook is to understand the stature he gained upon having achieved it. Achieving victory with the forced expulsion of the British via the Treaty of Paris, gave General Washington nearly unprecedented power and popularity. He was a truly mythic figure. His likeness was everywhere. Nearly all revered him and even his enemies and detractors had deep respect for his achievements. 48. Most people today think of General George Washington as the first President of the United States. Perhaps they may remember that he was also the commanding general of the Continental Army. However, General George Washington had much experience in the military before the Revolutionary War. Because of his experience, he was ideal for the responsibility of leading the new nation to victory over the British. 49. He was selected for strategically important positions because of his physical size and presence, charisma, energy, multi-faceted experiences, charm, courage, character, temperament, being a Virginian, wealth, ambition, his reputation as a stalwart patriot. Especially after the Revolution, the regard, admiration and affection of the populace at all levels of society. The most commonly cited characteristic given for his emergence as the supreme leader is his character. The most infrequently cited, are his intelligence and his decision making ability. 50. The people of America wanted to be free of the rule of England and fought for that freedom. General Washington was always trying to become a better person. He worked to learn how to write neatly so people could read his writing easily. To improve his manners, he copied 110 rules or sayings written by a French priest. One of his favorites was When walking with a great man, dont walk right beside him, but somewhat behind. Stay close enough that he may speak easily to you. It is said of General Washington he

Faulkners Expression of the Human Spirit Essay -- Literary Analysis

William Faulkner accepted his Nobel Peace Prize in December 1950. During his acceptance speech, Faulkner proclaimed that the award was made not to him as a man, but to his life’s work, which was created, â€Å"out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before† (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/faulkner-speech.html). He felt that the modern writer had lost connection to his spirit and that he must reconnect with the universal truths of the heart—â€Å"love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice† (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/faulkner-speech.html). Through his characters voice and exposure of their spirit, Faulkner solidified man’s immortality by â€Å"lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past† (http://www.nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1949/faulkner-speech.html). Although some critics have characterized his work as violet, dealing with immoral themes and the miseries and brutality of life; it can be argued that even his most sad and depraved characters express positive virtues and personal strengths. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the portrayal and manifestation of the human spirit in a select few of William Faulkner’s literary characters, showing that they possess both human strength and flaws. So what is the human spirit and why is it significant? It is a somewhat indefinable concept. According to Faulkner the human spirit is the connection to the universal truths of the heart—â€Å"love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice† (http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/liter... .../laureates/1949/faulkner-speech.html. 1950. Gwynn, Frederick L. and Joseph L. Blotner, eds. Faulkner in the University: Class Conferences at the University of Virginia 1957-58. New York: Vintage Books, 1959. Hoffman, Frederick J. The Art of Southern Fiction: A Study of Some Modern Novelists. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1967. Howe, Irving. William Faulkner: A Critical Study. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1975.Orig. 1951. Vintage Books, 1962. Meriwether, James B. and Michael Millgate, eds. Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner 1926-1962. New York: Random House, 1968. O’Donnell, George M. â€Å"Faulkner’s Mythology.† William Faulkner: Four Decades of Criticism. Linda W. Wagner, ed. East Lansing, MI: MSU Press, 1973. 83-93. Teske, John A. â€Å"The Social Construction of the Human Spirit.† http://users.etown.edu/t/teskeja/schs.html

Matriarchal Figures in The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde a

Matriarchal Figures in The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde and Persuasion by Jane Austen ‘A dominant female member of the family’[1] is often described as a matriarch. Lady Bracknell in ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ and Lady Russell in ‘Persuasion’ fulfill this role therefore can be described as matriarchs, and as such they play vital roles. They affect the lives of Gwendolen and Anne, by imposing their beliefs on them. Although Lady Russell is not related to any of the characters in ‘Persuasion’, after Anne’s mother died Lady Russell took on the role of her mother. Lady Russell has some control over Anne, as Anne ‘had always loved and relied on’ her and cannot believe she would ‘be continually advising her in vain’. The matriarchs are pivotal as they are the prime reasons for the plots’ complications; Lady Bracknell tries to prevent two potential marriages between Jack and Gwendolen, and Algernon and Cecily, and she is the reason Jack finds out about his family connections. Lady Russell persuades Anne not to marry Wentworth causing eight years of heartache and misery, as she was wrongly persuaded. She induces further complications by trying to persuade Anne to marry William Walter Elliot, when Anne and Wentworth meet again. Lady Bracknell’s importance is enhanced because she overshadows her husband, which is true to her matriarch ways, and he occupies a subordinate position. Lady Bracknell has taken the opposite role to that which society accepted in the 1890’s, her husband stays at home, while she goes to social gatherings. Her husband’s role is summed up in Gwendolen’s speech to Cecily about her father. ‘The home seems to be the proper sphere for the man. And certainly, once a m... ...y say that Anne should marry for money ‘she deprecated the connexion [to Wentworth] in every light’, and only approves of alliances with men with money, such as Charles Musgrove and William Walter Elliot. The matriarchs actions and advice to women would be ‘don’t marry for money, but go where money is’[8]. [1] The Pocket Oxford Dictionary [2] York Advanced Notes ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ [3] Richard Foster , Wilde as Parodist: A Second Look at The Importance of Being Earnest [4] Inside the House of Fiction, ‘Jane Austen’s Cover Story’ [5] Dan Rebellato, Drama Classics Series, ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ [6] York Notes Advanced – ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ [7] Richard Foster , Wilde as Parodist: A Second Look at The Importance of Being Earnest [8] Juliet McMaster , Alfred Lord Tennyson as quoted in ‘Class’

Early Roman History Essay -- History

Early Roman History As Greece reached the height of its prosperity Rome which lye slightly to the west slowly began its rise as a civilization. The Greeks centered their culture around Art and literature whereas opposed to the Romans who settled their culture upon warfare and leadership. Without planning, would rise very steadily as an empire. Shortly before Christ most of the surrounding cities and nations were at peace under Rome's rule. Early Romans kept no written records. Their history is so mixed up with fables and myths that historians have difficulty distinguishing fact from fiction. Historians only know of two early works of Roman history, the history of Livy and the Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The old legends say that Romulus founded the city in 753 BC. Romulus was a mythical person, but there is some evidence that the kings who are said to have followed him actually existed. Shortly before 600 BC several Etruscan princes from conquered Rome across the Tiber River. Taraquinius Priscus, the first of the Etruscan kings, drained the city’s marshes. Servius Tullius, the second Etruscan king, made a treaty with the Latin cities, which acknowledged Rome as the head of all Latium. The last king, Tarquinius Superbus, was a tyrant who opposed the people scorned religion. Under the rule of the Etruscans, Rome grew in importance and power. Great temples and impressive public works were constructed. Trade prospered and by the end of the 6...

Infection Control

You cannot seem to stop vomiting, your head should be permanently embedded in the toilet because you have not moved in ours. You know for sure something is not right at this point because you have never felt this way. You pick yourself off of the bathroom floor and decide to head to the Emergency room. Upon your arrival you are escorted to the back to be seen because of the degree of your illness. The doctor comes in your room and asks you a variety of questions such as what you ate, when did the symptoms first begin.You inform your doctor nothing out of the ordinary and proceed to tell the doctor what you have consumed. You proceed to tell the doctor you made a chicken dish 2 nights before. The doctor stops you in your traps, he/she notices that it has been about a day and half since you ate and prepared the chicken and your symptoms that you are currently experiencing. The doctor takes a look at you and says you have food poisoning. The doctor has informed you by either not cooking the chicken properly or the handling of the chicken you have been infected with Salmonella.This situation could have been easily avoided simply by cooking the meat to temperature, handling the chicken with care such as washing your hands right after exposure to the chicken and or wiping down everything that came in contact with the chicken with a confection spray. Infection control is something that can be done and is quite simply at times, sometimes it is as easy as washing your hands. While many people do not practice infection control in their daily lives, using proper infection control can eliminate illness, sickness and even death. â€Å"Food Poisoning†, 2013) Once you have been exposed to an infection and you are experiencing the terrible side effects, you want to know how you could have been infected. First and foremost, infection is spread by tiny little microscopic organisms that we like to refer to as cetera and viruses. These little germs are found everywhere incl uding our environment. Even us humans have germs, they are in our body secretions that include our stool and in tiny little droplets that are produced by breathing, coughing and sneezing. Infections are spread through many different ways.The first way that was already stated was through stool. Stool contains germs that cause diarrhea and other infections that affect the intestinal tract that is found in feces. If for some reason a person doesn't properly demonstrate personal hygiene is can spread wrought contaminated hands, food, water and even other surfaces that the individual encounters. Most importantly these germs spread because they can survive long periods of time. The key to not spreading germs from stool is to properly washing your hands each and every time one uses the laboratory.Another way infection is spread is through droplets. The common cold, influenza, and strep throat to name a few are spread through germs that are found in ones saliva and secretions of the nose. A nytime someone sneezes, coughs or wipes that dreadful runny nose it is coming from the respiratory tract THAT contain germs. These little germs can easily be inhaled or accidental land in someone else nose, mouth or even eye and then they too have now been infected. Like stated before majority of germs can hang around because they can with stand our environment for a long period of time before dying off.Another way is contact with blood. There are numerous types of infection that can be spread by direct contact with blood. It Just takes a break in the skin or even contact with the mucous membranes for instance the nose and eye. Only takes a very small amount of blood to spread infection. Therefore anytime blood or body laid are seen handle with care, such as always use gloves when handling such items and properly dispose of it and be sure to properly disinfect when the blood has been cleared up. Direct physical contact is another way infection is spread.For example ringworm and impe tigo is easily spread by physical contact. Contaminated objects such as toys, bottles, and pacifiers are easy conductors for germs because the sick child plays or uses the item. Then the well child comes along and uses it and now they have been exposed. With that said it is imperative for an adult to constantly confecting and assonating toys and other items used by children. (â€Å"How Infections Spread†, 2011) There is variety of ways to help prevent the spread of infection, it is just a matter of practicing the strategies.The first and most important strategy to ensure that infection will not spread is to simply wash your hands. According to Elizabeth Gillespie (2009),† It is now recognized that hand hygiene is the primarily measure for infection prevention. † She continues to add, † When performed well, it reduces transmission of microbial pathogens both in community and in healthcare setting. Basically in a nutshell wash your hands to prevent whatever yo u have touched or were exposed to.Another way to prevent infection is environmental hygiene, one of the key sources for infection to spread is through environmental surfaces. Some types of bacteria have been proven to survive for months on environmental surfaces. Therefore when a person touches these surfaces with their hands or even another type of skin contact the infection is then transmitted from the surface to the individual. With that said it is very important to keep surfaces clean and disinfected. The third way to prevent infection is to get vaccinated.Vida, 2013) According to â€Å"The Free Dictionary, 2013† vaccination is defined as â€Å"A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. † Getting vaccinated at a young age and continuing to keep u p with vaccination throughout your life can help prevent the spread of virus' and bacteria such as Smallpox, Rubella, and even influenza during flu season.In order to ensure that infection does not make it to the individual to be able to infect their system, there are two ways to stop the germs in their track and that is by disinfecting and sterilizing. While the two both have the same Job and that is to decontaminate, they do two different things. For example disinfection is the action of eliminating and or reducing toxic germs that live on objects and surface. On the other hand sterilization is the process of actually killing the germs. Sterilizing even goes has far as to kill the spores of different types of germs that occupy in liquids, surfaces and surrounding areas.Some types of disinfectants are air disinfectants, alcohols, alludes, oxidize agents and phenols. Some examples of sterilization are steam, heat, chemicals sterilization and sterile filtration. Disinfection is used more for air and surfaces, where as sterilization is used to kill germs on food, medicine and surgical instruments. (Ritual, Ph. D. , M. P. H. & Weber, Ph. D. , M. P. H. , 2008) It is quite easy to prevent the transmission of infection. The most important key to eliminating the spread of infection is using safety measures to ensure you do not become contaminated or how to avoid contamination all together.Like stated previously infection is spread a number of ways however person to person contact is the most relative because people are simply not washing their hands. Hand washing can easily eliminate this problem , however there is more to it then simply Just running your hand through water. In order to ensure you are killing the germs you must apply soap and to rub your hands together for at least 15 seconds. Some people like to sing the â€Å"BBC† song or even â€Å"Happy Birthday' song to ensure they are utilizing the 1 5 second rule. Be sure to wash all soap off and dry y our hands .To secure the washing of your hands try to turn the faucet off and open the bathroom with your elbow. One can also use hand sanitized or rubbing alcohol when washing of the hands is not an option. Infection is also spread through the body naturally mechanism of coughing and sneezing. A cough and or sneeze can go as far as three feet or more once it has been produced and performed. However by covering you mouth and nose when sneezing and or cough it eliminates the germs from traveling and spreading to the air. The use of tissues when coughing or sneezing will allow the germs to be confined o the tissue and a little on your hands.After you have disposed of the tissue make sure you wash your hands to protect the surfaces and others you may encounter. Also use common courtesy when you know you are sick. With that said try to remain at least three feet away from other people and use a mask if possible to avoid the spread when coughing or sneezing. Avoid shaking hands with othe r people and try to not touch others while you are sick. If these precautions are used on a daily basis it can ensure that germs are not spread saves you a trip to the doctor. (â€Å"Preventing TheSpread Of Infection: Standard Precautions†, 2012) Infection control is important to utilize in today's world. There are a variety of germs that can make one sick and enough can cause death. If more people in the world practiced infection control there would be less bacteria and virus, it can be Just as simple as washing your hands. There are signs and advertisements everywhere concerning the need for infection control. You walk into a public bathroom and it is telling you wash your hands. Some places have done away with manual towel dispenser and opt for dryer for hands to avoid touching the dispenser. Infection Control You cannot seem to stop vomiting, your head should be permanently embedded in the toilet because you have not moved in ours. You know for sure something is not right at this point because you have never felt this way. You pick yourself off of the bathroom floor and decide to head to the Emergency room. Upon your arrival you are escorted to the back to be seen because of the degree of your illness. The doctor comes in your room and asks you a variety of questions such as what you ate, when did the symptoms first begin.You inform your doctor nothing out of the ordinary and proceed to tell the doctor what you have consumed. You proceed to tell the doctor you made a chicken dish 2 nights before. The doctor stops you in your traps, he/she notices that it has been about a day and half since you ate and prepared the chicken and your symptoms that you are currently experiencing. The doctor takes a look at you and says you have food poisoning. The doctor has informed you by either not cooking the chicken properly or the handling of the chicken you have been infected with Salmonella.This situation could have been easily avoided simply by cooking the meat to temperature, handling the chicken with care such as washing your hands right after exposure to the chicken and or wiping down everything that came in contact with the chicken with a confection spray. Infection control is something that can be done and is quite simply at times, sometimes it is as easy as washing your hands. While many people do not practice infection control in their daily lives, using proper infection control can eliminate illness, sickness and even death. â€Å"Food Poisoning†, 2013) Once you have been exposed to an infection and you are experiencing the terrible side effects, you want to know how you could have been infected. First and foremost, infection is spread by tiny little microscopic organisms that we like to refer to as cetera and viruses. These little germs are found everywhere incl uding our environment. Even us humans have germs, they are in our body secretions that include our stool and in tiny little droplets that are produced by breathing, coughing and sneezing. Infections are spread through many different ways.The first way that was already stated was through stool. Stool contains germs that cause diarrhea and other infections that affect the intestinal tract that is found in feces. If for some reason a person doesn't properly demonstrate personal hygiene is can spread wrought contaminated hands, food, water and even other surfaces that the individual encounters. Most importantly these germs spread because they can survive long periods of time. The key to not spreading germs from stool is to properly washing your hands each and every time one uses the laboratory.Another way infection is spread is through droplets. The common cold, influenza, and strep throat to name a few are spread through germs that are found in ones saliva and secretions of the nose. A nytime someone sneezes, coughs or wipes that dreadful runny nose it is coming from the respiratory tract THAT contain germs. These little germs can easily be inhaled or accidental land in someone else nose, mouth or even eye and then they too have now been infected. Like stated before majority of germs can hang around because they can with stand our environment for a long period of time before dying off.Another way is contact with blood. There are numerous types of infection that can be spread by direct contact with blood. It Just takes a break in the skin or even contact with the mucous membranes for instance the nose and eye. Only takes a very small amount of blood to spread infection. Therefore anytime blood or body laid are seen handle with care, such as always use gloves when handling such items and properly dispose of it and be sure to properly disinfect when the blood has been cleared up. Direct physical contact is another way infection is spread.For example ringworm and impe tigo is easily spread by physical contact. Contaminated objects such as toys, bottles, and pacifiers are easy conductors for germs because the sick child plays or uses the item. Then the well child comes along and uses it and now they have been exposed. With that said it is imperative for an adult to constantly confecting and assonating toys and other items used by children. (â€Å"How Infections Spread†, 2011) There is variety of ways to help prevent the spread of infection, it is just a matter of practicing the strategies.The first and most important strategy to ensure that infection will not spread is to simply wash your hands. According to Elizabeth Gillespie (2009),† It is now recognized that hand hygiene is the primarily measure for infection prevention. † She continues to add, † When performed well, it reduces transmission of microbial pathogens both in community and in healthcare setting. Basically in a nutshell wash your hands to prevent whatever yo u have touched or were exposed to.Another way to prevent infection is environmental hygiene, one of the key sources for infection to spread is through environmental surfaces. Some types of bacteria have been proven to survive for months on environmental surfaces. Therefore when a person touches these surfaces with their hands or even another type of skin contact the infection is then transmitted from the surface to the individual. With that said it is very important to keep surfaces clean and disinfected. The third way to prevent infection is to get vaccinated.Vida, 2013) According to â€Å"The Free Dictionary, 2013† vaccination is defined as â€Å"A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. † Getting vaccinated at a young age and continuing to keep u p with vaccination throughout your life can help prevent the spread of virus' and bacteria such as Smallpox, Rubella, and even influenza during flu season.In order to ensure that infection does not make it to the individual to be able to infect their system, there are two ways to stop the germs in their track and that is by disinfecting and sterilizing. While the two both have the same Job and that is to decontaminate, they do two different things. For example disinfection is the action of eliminating and or reducing toxic germs that live on objects and surface. On the other hand sterilization is the process of actually killing the germs. Sterilizing even goes has far as to kill the spores of different types of germs that occupy in liquids, surfaces and surrounding areas.Some types of disinfectants are air disinfectants, alcohols, alludes, oxidize agents and phenols. Some examples of sterilization are steam, heat, chemicals sterilization and sterile filtration. Disinfection is used more for air and surfaces, where as sterilization is used to kill germs on food, medicine and surgical instruments. (Ritual, Ph. D. , M. P. H. & Weber, Ph. D. , M. P. H. , 2008) It is quite easy to prevent the transmission of infection. The most important key to eliminating the spread of infection is using safety measures to ensure you do not become contaminated or how to avoid contamination all together.Like stated previously infection is spread a number of ways however person to person contact is the most relative because people are simply not washing their hands. Hand washing can easily eliminate this problem , however there is more to it then simply Just running your hand through water. In order to ensure you are killing the germs you must apply soap and to rub your hands together for at least 15 seconds. Some people like to sing the â€Å"BBC† song or even â€Å"Happy Birthday' song to ensure they are utilizing the 1 5 second rule. Be sure to wash all soap off and dry y our hands .To secure the washing of your hands try to turn the faucet off and open the bathroom with your elbow. One can also use hand sanitized or rubbing alcohol when washing of the hands is not an option. Infection is also spread through the body naturally mechanism of coughing and sneezing. A cough and or sneeze can go as far as three feet or more once it has been produced and performed. However by covering you mouth and nose when sneezing and or cough it eliminates the germs from traveling and spreading to the air. The use of tissues when coughing or sneezing will allow the germs to be confined o the tissue and a little on your hands.After you have disposed of the tissue make sure you wash your hands to protect the surfaces and others you may encounter. Also use common courtesy when you know you are sick. With that said try to remain at least three feet away from other people and use a mask if possible to avoid the spread when coughing or sneezing. Avoid shaking hands with othe r people and try to not touch others while you are sick. If these precautions are used on a daily basis it can ensure that germs are not spread saves you a trip to the doctor. (â€Å"Preventing TheSpread Of Infection: Standard Precautions†, 2012) Infection control is important to utilize in today's world. There are a variety of germs that can make one sick and enough can cause death. If more people in the world practiced infection control there would be less bacteria and virus, it can be Just as simple as washing your hands. There are signs and advertisements everywhere concerning the need for infection control. You walk into a public bathroom and it is telling you wash your hands. Some places have done away with manual towel dispenser and opt for dryer for hands to avoid touching the dispenser.

Native American Music Essay

Native American music has many different musical styles. Within every Native American tribe there is a variety of musical styles and instruments. In response to the research that I have conducted, there are three main musical styles that are going to be my point of focus. The Sioux Grass Dance, the Zuni Lullaby, and the Iroquois Quiver Dance are the principal methods which contribute to Native American music. The Sioux Grass Dance is considered to be the most popular style of Native American Music. As one dances to this music, they follow a pattern known as â€Å"toe-heel. † This consists of the individual placing the left foot in front of the right and repeating with the other foot. Each male dancer makes many personal variations of this dance resulting in a solo display. The costume is an elaborate style that correlates with the vocal approach of music. Bells are tied around the legs of the dancers for an added effect. The Zuni Lullaby illustrates a contrast with Plains singing to assist in confirming that there is not an individual style to Native American music. Through the Native American styles of music, repetition becomes a prominent feature. This is not because the Native Americans can’t find words to fit into the music, but because repetitions with slight variations are often too insignificannot for outside listeners to notice. In the Iroquois Quiver Dance the first thing to strike the ear is what is often known as a â€Å"call and response† form. One singer announces a phrase of â€Å"lexical text,† known as the call, the other singer answers him in a vocal pattern. This continues throughout the song. In illustrating many of the musical styles among Native American music, this has another name known as the â€Å"Warrior’s Stomp Dance. † The voices in the Iroquois Quiver Dance are relatively relaxed compared with that of the Plains singing. Instruments used to portray these various styles of music were often drums of all shapes and sizes, rattles, and often tambourines or bells with other percussion instruments. The drums were constructed by using such materials as clay, iron, wood or aluminum with heads of buckskin, chamois, or rubber. These drums were typically played with a single drumstick, holding a steady pattern of four beats. Also, in addition to these instruments there were wind instruments. The most common was the vertical flute, whistle, and occasionally panpipes. The flute was most often used to express a love song and never for religious ceremonies. Looking at Native American music, one can conclude that there are three main types of music: The Sioux Grass Dance, Iroquois Quiver Dance, and the Zuni Lullaby. Drums and wind instruments are used in portraying the music. The Native Americans dressed accordingly to the music that they dance to. All of these features add to what we have become acquainted with, Native American music.