Islam and Pakistan free essay sample

In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful A beautiful scene of dusk depicts a sweet picture of the universe, when the sun sets, and calm and stillness engulfs the loud voices of the day, I often see the birds returning back to their nests. These tiny creatures, lacking the faculty of reasoning and speech, believe that the best place ever found in the world is home. No matter how far we are from our homes, its necessity never diminishes and   Mr. President, respectable teachers worthy parents and dear fellows this is the first reason Why I love Pakistan? Pakistan’s creation was no doubt the finest hour of our history our forefathers who had fought for it envisioned the promise of long cherished freedom, democracy and prosperity. It is the country which was created to work for an ideal democratic state based on social justice as an upholder of human freedom and world peace, in which all citizens were to enjoy equal rights and freedom from fear, want and ignorance. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam and Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dear fellows, Pakistan my homeland is in fact the land of blessings. Its creation speaks its dignity. History teaches us that how much cherished the dream of Pakistan was and how seriously our fathers fought for it . believe me or not, the most significant reason of loving Pakistan is independence movement itself. I know very well Mr. President that the shackles of slavery snatch all such all creative facilities and the beautiful world a heaven to breathe in, turns into hell without freedom. By the grace of Allah my country, my love, my homeland offers me to enjoy the open air of independence . Being a student I have surfaced the papers of history to know about the grand sacrifices of my forefathers   and as humble token I express my gratitude to them by proudly announcing in public that Pakistan I love u . ,And I have millions of reasons to prove that why I love Pakistan? I was wondering a few days ago what Pakistan has done for me and how we react when something happens down there. I am proud to say that Im Muslim, and after my religion I am most proud of the country to which I belong, Pakistan. Here are some facts: Pakistan is the only country to be founded on the basis of Islam Pakistan posseses the 6th largest army in the world today. Pakistan is the single most powerful Muslim country in the world today. Pakistani Air Force and Army personnel train all other Muslim countries, which include most Arab nations today. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that posseses Nuclear power.  I can see the bright future of Pakistan. as Quaid said. † There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan†. In end I would pray all of you to love this country as a blessing of God, stand united, guard its identity and geographical boundaries, work day and night for its better and exalted image,. Live like Ghazis and Shaheens of Iqbal, die like martyrs. I want to salute to all national heroes and my teachers on this great day, when ever listen the best name Pakistan always respond Zindabad. Its high time to hold hands and say it out loud. pakistan zindabad. Salute Pakistan.

CKern_LessonPlan2 Essays (2164 words) - Learning, Education

CKern_LessonPlan2 Essays (2164 words) - Learning, Education Age: Kindergarten Subject: Reading Topic : 5 W's Literary Analysis Give a summary of the text using comprehension skills Answer questions based on things written in the text Make assumptions/predictions about the text using clues from both their own experiences/knowledge and things that occurred in the book Be able to explain why they made these assumptions/predictions (justify their answer) Come up with own reasonable scenarios based on prior experiences and things learned in the text Time + Pacing Central Focus of Lesson: At the end of the lesson, students should feel comfortable answering questions about a book with prompting, and should begin to look beyond what is actually written in the book to draw conclusions about the text. Part 2: Content Objectives Answer questions about a story with prompting. Make predictions about what will happen in a story using reasoning and illustrations. Differentiate between the 5 W's (who, what, when, where, and why) when answering questions List the things that a story needs (5W's). Key Vocabulary Who What When Where Why Prior Academic Learning and Prerequisite Skills: Students should have some prior experience with the 5 W's. Students will be using reasoning and clues from illustrations to make predictions about what will happen in a story. They will also be using prior knowledge and experiences to create a new scene for the book. Students should also have a prior knowledge of how to use art supplies such as markers, colored pencils, or crayons. Materials Needed Blank Paper (one for each child) Markers, colored pencils, or crayons "Pete the Cat: Trick or Pete" by James Dean. Board Projector Back Up Plan: If this lesson does not take place near Halloween, a different book can be chosen. Part 3: Lesson Introduction Gather the children in a group and explain that they are going to be learning about the 5 W's. Ask them to listen carefully to the video/song for the 5 things that a story needs. 5 min Introduction of New Information Play video: The Five W's Song | Scratch Garden After the video ends, ask the children what the 5 things a story needs. If they are having trouble with this, then play the song again Using the information from the song, the children should be able to come up with the 5 question words. When the children say each of the words, write them on the board (Who, What, When, Where, Why). 5 min Learning Activities Tell the children that we are going to be reading a story. Read "Pete the Cat: Trick or Pete" by James Dean. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WWcLKeBIXI) While reading this story, take time to ask questions. Have the children answer these questions. They will be using clues about what they know happens on Halloween and clues from the illustrations to make predictions. Examples: On the first page: What do you think is going to be behind the flap by the moon? On the third page: What do you think is going to be in the tree? On the fifth page: What do you think is going to be in the yard? After the story is finished, begin to ask comprehension questions and write what the children say on the board. First, ask the children if each of the question words on the board were answered in the story. Then begin to ask more specific questions. Examples: Who was this story about? After children answer this question with "Pete the Cat" prompt them to give more characters such as Callie and Pete's dad. This can be done using a question like: Was there anyone else in this story? What was Pete the Cat doing? After the children answer "trick-or-treating" ask other what questions like: What were some things that Pete saw while he was trick or treating? What was Pete the Cat dressed up as? Where was Pete the Cat? This question may be difficult for students, so if they are having difficulty, prompt them using follow up questions like: Was he outside or inside? Where do you normally go trick or treating? When is Pete the Cat going trick or treating? The children will probably answer this question with Halloween, so prompt them to think about the time of day also. This can be done by asking questions like: When do you normally go trick or treating? Is it light or dark out? In the pictures, is the sky light or dark? Why do you think that Pete the Cat is scared? This question requires the

Causes of culture shocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causes of culture shocks - Essay Example What are the causes of culture shock which is a big roadblock between success and failure of an individual in an unfamiliar environment? The main causes areâ€Å"Strain caused by the efforts to adopt,sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions,feeling rejected by or rejecting members of new culture,confusion in role, values and self-identity, anxiety and even disgust/anger about foreign practices,feelings of helplessness,and not being able to cope with the new environment.†(Marx,2001,p.5) The impact of these conditions, will indicate where an individual stands in a new situation and the relative causes of culture shock. Some causes are inevitable,and some causes are the creation of ones mind. For example, while moving overseas, one carries unrealistic expectations about the life-styles and paints a rosy picture. One imagines a life of individual freedom, free from the constraints of living in a joint family(should that be the case.) Once one comes face to face with the grass-root realities in a foreign land, one values the worth of living in a joint family, the joy in the praise and rebukes from the elders, the relative freedom enjoyed in those restrictions. They say, a mountain looks beautiful from a distance. Once one goes near it, one sees how it is also covered by thick forests, thorny bushes and it is the abode of wild animals as well!Not alone big, but the small issues related to the day to day life produce cultural shocks and sometimes, their effect is long-lasting. Some of them are: â€Å"Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols o f social intercourse. These signs are the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to

Macroeconomics Objectives of Governments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics Objectives of Governments - Essay Example This paper offer a comprehensive review of the relative effectiveness of the different tools of macroeconomic policy, adopted by a different country`s governments, in attaining main macroeconomic objectives. The various theories, that suggest priority in utilization of specific tool, often interrelate and are applied by governments primarily to achieve sustainable economic growth. Generally, fiscal policy and monetary policy are used by the government to achieve the macroeconomic objectives. Whereas, fiscal policy is implemented by government through spending and taxation, monetary policy is essentially the responsibility of the central bank, through the controls of interest rates and the supply of currency. Both policies are implemented to reduce inflation rates and joblessness. Whereas, each macroeconomic goals can have repercussions on economic factors if they spiral out of control, a number essentially have a more significant impact on citizens. High rate of joblessness not only translates into lost revenue for the government, but can signify a permanent reduction in an individual’s chances of securing employment through loss of expertise. Low inflation rates is not a big issue, and as long as the citizens are in employment positions with adequate earnings; low rates of inflation will not result in any economic problem. Most people’s earnings, student endowment funds as well as pensions, are modified in line with commodity prices, and therefore, controlling inflation below the 2% level is not a major government concern. (Kiefer 2000). Nonetheless, increases in inflation may reach a point where its side effects reduces international competitiveness, dampens the hope of foreign inward investors, and shifts redistribution of income from savers to borrowers to a point that it is harsh economic impacts turns out to be a key government concern (Nayyar 2011). Fig 2. Aggregate Expenditure According to Jin (2007), a current account shortfall on the balance of payments may be of less significance to government organizations, especially if the capital markets and the national currency are stable. Conversely, this may imply that an economy’s expenditures have stretched past its revenue collection, and at a given point the expenditure will have to be countered by substantial inflows. The United Kingdom, for instance, has massive foreign investments with substantial revenue potential, which may imply the shortfall will be checked if the economic condition is left to take its own course (Fig 2). According to Kiefer (2008), whereas, governments should not attempt to correct current account shortfalls with demand management practices: policies leaning toward supply have shown better results in regard to the restoration of permanent competitiveness of the economy. According to Froud, Moran, Nilsson and Williams (2010), the most controversial of government objectives is the policy of imposing more taxes on the higher-end population and handing it to the lower-end, in order to bridge the gap between the two economic segments. Kiefer (2000), point out that redistributing revenue from the moneyed to the poor via

Parents Involvement in Their Children Education Research Paper

Parents Involvement in Their Children Education - Research Paper Example As children attend school, parents should participate in the education process using several approaches. These include buying uniforms, paying schools fees, assisting with homework, taking them to school and picking them. Sciarra (2004) indicates that parents should create an appropriate environment for their children by removing distractions such as excessive TV or films, too much movement or regular friends. DEEWR (2011) indicates that the home and learning environment should be favorable for children in order to boost their learning process. Parents’ contribution in their children erudition whose objective was to explain enhances their performance in school. Parents should teach their children songs, drawings as well as paintings or allow them to visit the library. As a result, parents know their children’s talents and preferred co-curricular activities. Additionally, parents get to know their children’s friends and keep a record of their progress in school. A ccording to a recent research whose objective was to explain the relationship between parents’ involvement in their children education and results, it was discovered that help with schoolwork is directly proportional to a child’s enhanced reading, understanding of numbers and improved scores. Another importance is that parents get to know their children capabilities and weakness. Additionally, parents get to know their children’s friends and keep a record of their progress in school.... of Education, claimed that parents’ participation in their children education is critical than socio-economic status of the family. This simply means that a child’s economic background does not influence their academic capabilities rather than their parents’ involvement (Sciarra, 2004). According to Sciarra (2004) parents are involved in their children’s education and social life in order to manage issues such as drug and alcohol abuse, peer influence and bullying. Financial constrain is a challenge that parents face, limiting them from taking their children to best schools, provide them with good books and educational trips (Sciarra, 2004). Sciarra claims that children who come from families whose parents suffer from sickness, mental disorders or abuse drugs are likely to perform poorly in school. These parents do not take a centre role in order to ensure children meet their academic objectives. Furthermore, children from such families do not engage in sp orts, go out on academic trips or buy books so that they do not burden their families. Additionally, such children avoid good careers such as medicine, law and engineering because parents cannot pay the required fees (Sciarra, 2004). In as much there is a broad agreement that parents influence their children education, researchers are still investigating an appropriate form of parenting that would lead to academic success of children. Theories on how parents can pass reading culture, skills and good attitudes to their children are being debated on. A significant proportion of scholars argue that some children are inherently intelligent while others are not academically talented. These scholars further claim that environmental influence or parental guiding cannot change academic capabilities. There

About the bridge and router

About the bridge and router Introduction In this current assignment I will discuss about the bridge and router. This assignment I will explain the definition of what is a bridge and a router in detail. The bridge and router has its own advantages and disadvantages in many ways by looking thru its capability and specification wise. Bridge is a wired connection which is only use for that computer which is connected to it and router is a wireless connection which can be shared by many other computer or laptop. Secondly, I will calculate and find the subnet mask, number address in each subnet and first and last addresses in subnet. 1.The answer is yes it is possible to replace the bridge with a router. Thru coming year our technology is expanding rapidly because of that many alternative way can be done to solve networking problem. I will explain what are a router (refer to figure1.1) and a bridge (refer to figure1.2) individually in performing a task to connect thru the network.   In telecommunication networks of today, the bridge is a device that enables us to connect to the local area network known as local area network to another local area network which uses the same protocol as Ethernet or token ring. You can imagine that the bridge device as being to be able to decide whether a certain context of message from another person to someone else is by going thru to the local area network in your current building or to someone else on the local area network in another building which is located across the street. The bridge examines or checks each message carefully on a local area network, passing thru those which are known to be within the same local area network, and forwarding those which are known to be on the other interconnected local area network. In bridging networks of today, a computer address or a node address have no accurate or specific relationship to location where it is located. For this reason, messages are randomly sent out to every single address located on the current network and only can be accepted by the intended and matching destination node. The bridge learns which addresses are on specific network and create a learning table in order for each subsequent message to be forwarded to the correct network. Bridging networks commonly are always interconnected local area networks since broadcasting each and every message to all available destinations would causes a flood to the larger network with unwanted traffic. For this reason, router networks such as the Internet use a scheme that assigns addresses to nodes so that a message or packet can be forwarded only in one general direction rather than forwarded in all directions. A bridge operate at the data-link level of a network also known as physical network, is by copying a data frame from another network to the next network by moving along the communications path. A bridge contains more overhead and lesser amount of repeater. The bridge processes the packet at only the two layers; the repeater processes each frame at only on one layer. The bridge will need to look for a table and get the forwarding port together for it to regenerate its signal; only the repeater will regenerates the signal. The transparent bridge works by using two processes known as bridge forwarding and bridge learning. If the destination address exists in the forwarding database which is already created, the packet will then be forwarded to the port number to the specific destination host which has been attached. If it doesnt exist in the forwarding database, forwarding will be done on all parts which cause flooding. This process is referred as bridge forwarding. Moreover, as each frame reaches it destination, its source address will indicates where a particular host is located, so that the bridge knows where to forward the frames to that address. This process is called bridge learning. The key features of a transparent bridge is that the stations are not aware of the existence of a transparent bridge and reconfiguration of the bridge is not required because it can be added or removed on its own without knowing. The advantages of bridging is that its self-configuring which doesnt require any skillful technically expertise to configured it because is not as complex as the router. Secondly, the price of a simple bridge device is not expensive at all compared to the router. Thirdly, it isolate collision domain which will reduce the size of collision domain by using micro segmentation in the non-switched network. Fourthly, bridges wont deny the introduction of management or performance information and access control. Fifthly, local area networks interconnected in the bridge are divided and the physical constraints like the number of station, repeater and segment length will not be apply. Sixthly, the bridge manages incoming trafficking and lessens the bandwidth to be wasted by avoiding all unwanted flow of data located in between the network segments. By using this method it can effectively ensure that the optimal performance on both sides of the network segment. Bridges might be functioning jus t like a traffic police on the city street, by controlling the movement of the legitimate data and not allowing all unwanted traffic passing through it. Bandwidth that is wasted will create unwanted delay of time and reduce the performance speed of the current network used. A bridge is therefore can also act as a bandwidth monitor, by channeling important relevant data and discarding rubbish to improve the bandwidth throughput. It also can be thought out as a traffic shaping or a managing firewall. Seventhly, the network bridges improve the functional length of a network by connecting each single local area network segments. A network is possible to be segmented and join together without requiring the need of creating IP subnets or the usage of a router. The network bridges expand the capacity of the network without the requiring for hardware equipment something like cables, and software constraints which is the firewalls. Eighthly, the bridge network is capable of connecting both s imilar and different local area network segments. It is connected, for an instance, an Ethernet segment connected together with a Token Ring segment, which allows both to function as one and by having similar IP address. A bridge connects local area network segments thru many different protocols, a local area network segment including the Internet and a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a local area network segment. The bridge network can also be used to connect two carrier sense multiple access or collision detection (CSMA/ CD) local area network, and a token ring local area networks with a carrier sense multiple access or collision detection (CSMA/ CD) local area network. It is important to connect different segments possessing non-similar protocols for data transmission. The disadvantages of bridging are that the scope of broadcast has no limit in the bridge network. Secondly, extremely large networks are not being scaled in the bridge network. Thirdly, the bridge network delays the length of time for the action to do buffering and processing. Fourthly, repeater and hubs cost a lesser amount of price compared to buying a bridge.   Fifthly, a complex network topology can pose a problem for transparent bridges. For example, multiple paths that are located in between the transparent bridges and local area network can cause the bridge looping. The spanning tree protocol is to help in reducing the problems with complicated topologies. In packet-switching networks such as the Internet which connect to the world wide web, the router is a device that is capable, in some cases, software that are inside the computer, so that it determines from one network to another network point in which a single packet should be   forwarded toward its right destination. The router is connected with at least two networks or more networks and it determine which way to send each packet containing the information based on its own knowledge of the current condition of the working networks that it is connected to. A router can be located at any gateway in where one network can be met with another network, including each point-of-presence on the Internet will surfing in the World Wide Web (WWW). A router is most of the time is included as a fraction from the network switch. The router sometimes can create or maintain the table for the current routes used and its own conditions and using the information together with distance and cost the algorithm to decide on its own to choose the best route for each packet thats been given. Typically, a single packet sometimes moves through a specific number of network points with the use of routers before reaching at its currently set destination. Routing will function by associating with the Network layer which is located in layer 3 where it is in the standard model of network programming, it is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch allows the switch to be able to perform routing functions properly. An edge router is another kind of router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A brouter is combined with a bridge network and a router. For the home computer users and business computer users which owned a high-speed Internet connection by using a cable, satellite, or digital subscribe line (DSL), the router can be like a hardware firewall. This fact is true because even though if the home or the business owned only a single computer at home or at work place. Out of many of the engineers trust that the usage of a router provides a higher protection level against hacking by hacker compare to a software firewall inside the computer, because none of the computer Internet Protocol address are easy to be revealed to the Internet. This makes the port scan which is a technique for exploring weaknesses almost essentially impossible to be done. In addition, a router does not simply suck up the resources in the computer as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers are easily to be installed, its sold at a reasonable price, and made available for hard-wired network or wireless networks. The advantage of using a router is that the data can be travel between different networks, so that you can use the local area network and wide area network connectivity at the same time. The router has many different type of connections which can be connected to a lot of architecture, many kind of media from the internet and also for internal use within an organization. The router is useful for transferring data to others because it makes its own decision by taking the best route and paths in order to get the correct data to the target node. Router has domain that will cause smaller collisions. Wireless Internet also known as the router provides super quick broadband speed, approaching up to two megabytes per second or even quicker. More and more customers are hoping for the broader bandwidth, so the number should slowly crawl up steadily over for the next few months or years to come. Wireless internet is more reasonable and has better performance wise over the satellite broadband , this is because satellite signals typically needs to travel around tens of thousands of miles away. Wireless internet is also extremely responsive, when you are launching up the web pages, downloading emails is quicker, and able to engage in teleconferencing or video conferencing over the internet, your wireless internet system will be able to yield ultra quick transmission. Weather condition, radio frequencies distraction, and traffic congestion can all impede wireless internet flow. Moreover, with the building of transmission towers across each nation, it safe to say that if people who live within a average proximity of an urban area, those people will be more closer to the wireless Internet tower. The wireless Internet broadband service allows rural Web surfers a certain way to get into the high speed telecommunications without requiring to lay down the fiber or reconfiguring in the public switched telephone network system according to the updated digital subscribe line (DSL) sta ndards. Thus, sending communications to a much smaller town in certain area which lacks of cable infrastructure or merely seeking to dodge the slow speed and sometimes complicate the plans associated with digital subscribe line (DSL), wireless Internet is just a beautiful method to boost your surfing time. The disadvantages of a router is because of the cost of the router will be more as it is more expensive compared to the hub, bridge switch. The router has more bandwidth when it is interconnected with many buildings or when it is doing some updating.The router must have a larger latency during the time when there are a lot of packets to be sorted. With the help of wireless Internet service, there still the problem of someone with bad intention, inside within the wireless traffic, hacking to get into your own connection from a distance away and its done by a person known as a hacker. So, you will need to make sure that youre using the wireless security to make sure all the private information in it is kept safe from other stranger viewers such as hacker. There are many available firewalls which work and perform task better enough for this specific purpose or you can just go look into by using the network system which is able to create a password protected connections. Verizon wireless and Sprint wireless are two out of many popular wireless companies in the business of today. Verizon wireless offers several different kinds of wireless devices which are often used by customer. Hand phones and wireless broadband Internet are also very popular services that they currently offering. Not only that they also provide service for personal digital assistant (PDA) and wireless personal computer (PC) cards. Wireless technology can appear in many different kind of various forms as well. You will be able to find wireless speakers for the stereo system also, wireless headphones for communicating, wireless receivers and transmitters and even microphones to talk over the net. You can also find wireless computer mouse, wireless keyboards, satellite television (TV), cordless telephones and even the garage door controller without manually doing it. In the next coming generation will probably bring us to a world filled with many kind of wireless technology devices. H ard wired devices will in the end up as being a device or a thing from the past generation, once wireless technology will enlarge. As the wireless Internet technology improves, personal digital assistants (PDA), blackberry devices, and other well known hand phones or personal computer (PC) hybrids will likely depend on it increasingly on non-fiber based transmissions. Thus by learning yourself for now about the current wireless Internet trends and developing initiatives, that you can knowingly position yourself as the earliest adopter of the next generation of Wi-Fi concerned technologies. Understanding what is what at its cutting edge of telecom tech development will also fill your overall investment portfolio. Bridge device has some similarity with a router, but it does not analyze the data that is being forwarded. Because of this, bridges are typically quicker at transferring data, than but not as versatile as a router. For example, the bridge cannot work as a firewall like most of the routers can in which show the disadvantages of the bridge compare to the router. A bridge is capable for transferring data between different protocols such as a Token Ring and Ethernet network. A router on the other hand are like traffic police, they examine each single packet of data, get the accurate destination address and forwards it thru the network to be sent to the right address. Bridging and routing are both method of performing data control, but it work through many kind of different methods. Bridging takes place at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 which is referred as data-link layer while routing takes place at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3 which is referred as network layer. This difference the meaning of a bridge and a router where a bridge directs frames by following the hardware assigned media control access (MAC) addresses while a router makes its own decisions based on the arbitrarily assigned internet protocol (IP) Addresses. As a result of that, bridges are not bothered with and are not able to recognize networks while routers can capable of doing that. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 is the protocol layer which will transfer the data located between the adjacent network nodes in the wide area network (WAN) or in between the nodes on similar local area network (LAN) segment. Data link layer also provides functional and procedural means to move the data between network entities and sometimes provide the means to spot and mostly correct errors that may happen in the Physical Layer. Data link layer is also related with local delivery of frames in between the device on similar local area network (LAN). Data link frames, as these protocol data units are used to be referred as, will not go over the limit of a local network. Inter-network routing and global addressing are bigger layer functions, allowing data link protocols to concentrate on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. By using this way, the data link layer is analogous to specific neighborhood traffic cop; it endeavors to arbitrate in between parties contending for gaining access to the medium. When a devices attempt to make use of a medium during the same time, frame collisions happen. Data link protocols specify how devices spot and heal from such collisions, but it will not stop it from occurring. Delivery of frames from layer 2 devices can affect the use of unambiguous hardware addresses. The frames header will contains source and location addresses that will show which device originated the frame and which device can be ignore to get and process it. In other word, the hierarchical and routable addresses from the network layer, layer two addresses are flat, meaning theres no part of the address that might be able to be used in order to find out the logical or physical group to which the address come from. The data link also provides data transfer moving across the physical link. That will be able to transfer many data link protocols which do not have acknowledgments of successful frame reception and acceptance, and certain amount of the data link protocols maybe will not even have any form of checksum to find or scan for the transmission errors. In this case, higher-level protocols will provide flow control, error finding, and acknowledgments and retransmission. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3 is the network layer job is to do end-to-end packet sending including routing thru intermediate hosts, where else the data link layer job is to do node-to-node frame sending on similar links. The network layer will also provides functional and procedural means of transferring changeable length data sequences from one source to one location host thru a single or multiple network while maintaining the standard of the service and error control functions. This difference the meaning of a bridge and a router where a bridge directs frames by following the hardware assigned media control access (MAC) addresses while a router makes its own decisions based on the arbitrarily assigned internet protocol (IP) Addresses. As a result of that, bridges are not bothered with and are not able to recognize networks while routers can capable of doing that. When designing or creating a network, one can choose to insert multiple segments into a single bridged network or to divide them into many different networks interconnected by using routers. If a host is physically transferred from the current network area to next network in a routed network, it has to obtain a new internet protocol (IP) address; if the system has been transferred within the bridged network, it doesnt have to be change or modified anything. The consequence which by replacing a bridge with a router is that the router will cost more expensive than the price of a bridge and more complex to be set up or understand compared to a bridge. Secondly, router operates only at the first three-layers of the network while the bridge operates only at the first two layer of the network. Thirdly, is that router are not created to provide direct filtering compared to a bridge which does it. Fourthly, a router normally requires a longer amount of time which makes it time consuming in order for it to search for the routing table compared to searching for the filtering table which takes up lesser amount of time to be searched. Fifthly, a router is required to decapsulate and encapsulates the specific frame and modified the current physical addresses in the frame because the physical addresses in the arriving frame define the old node and the present router; both must be change to the physical addresses following the current router and the n ext hop. The bridge does not modify the current physical addresses. Changing addresses, and other fields, in the frame means causing a lot of unwanted overhead. 2a) Log ² 500=8.95 extras 1s=9 possible subnets: 29=512 mask: 9+8=/17 b) 232-17=215=32768 addresses for each subnet c) The first subnet: The first address is the starting address of the block. 16. 0. 0. 0 In order to find the last address, you need to write 32,767 (one lesser than the number of addresses in each subnet) in base 256 (0.0.127.255) and adding it with the first address (in base 256). First address in subnet 1:  16.0.0.0 Number of addresses:  0.0.127. 255 Last address in subnet1:  16.0.127.255 d) The last subnet: Note that the subnet 500 will not be the last possible subnet; but it will be the last subnet used by the organization. In order to find the first address in subnet 500, you will need to add 16,351,232 (499 ÃÆ'- 32678) in base 256 (0. 249.128.0) into the first address in subnet First address in subnet 1:  16.0.0.0 Number of addresses:  0.249.128.0 First address in subnet 500: 16.249.128.0 Now you can be able to calculate the last address in subnet 500. First address in subnet 500:16.249.128.0 Number of addresses: 0.0.127.255 Last address in subnet 500: 16.249.255.255 Conclusion In conclusion, we learn that bridges and router has their own advantages over each other. For example, the bridge will not be distracted by any other device which will intercept the connection because it uses cable to connect to the network without moving thru the air. Another example is that the router is able to be connected by many other computers within a certain range in distance unlike bridge which is able to be used by a single connected computer only. There are consequences of replacing the bridge with the router is that the router will cost more than the price of the bridge. Abstract In telecommunication networks of today, the bridge is a device that enables us to connect to the local area network. The bridge examines or checks each message carefully on a local area network. In bridging networks of today, a node address have no accurate relationship to location where it is located. Bridging networks commonly are always interconnected local area networks. A bridge operates at the data-link level of a network by copying a data frame from another network to the next network. A bridge contains more overhead and lesser amount of repeater. The transparent bridge works by using two processes known as bridge forwarding and bridge learning. The advantages of bridging is that its self-configuring which doesnt require any skillful technically expertise. The disadvantages of bridging are that the scope of broadcast has no limit. The router is connected with at least two networks or more networks and it determine which way to send each packet. Routing will function by associa ting with the Network layer which is located in layer 3 where it is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The advantage of using a router is that the data can be travel between different networks. The disadvantages of a router is because of the cost of the router is more expensive than the hub. Bridging and routing are both method of performing data control. Bridging takes place at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 while routing takes place at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3. Protocol layer will transfer the data located between the adjacent network nodes and network layer job is to do end-to-end packet sending. The consequence which by replacing a bridge with a router is that the router will cost more expensive. Reference 1) Wikianswer What are the Advantages of routers over bridges[online]. Available from:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Advantages_of_routers_over_bridges 2) Wikipedia Bridging (networking)[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking) 3) SearchSecurity What is bridge?[online]. Available from: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci211705,00.html 4) SearchNetworking What is router?[online]. Available from: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212924,00.html 5) Mcgraw hill Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual Networks[online].Available from:http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/dl/free/0072967757/281778/SolStd15.pdf 6) Wapedia Wiki:Bridging(networking)[online]. Available   from:http://wapedia.mobi/en/Bridging_(networking) 7) eHow The Advantages of a Network Bridge[online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.com/list_6023005_advantages-network-bridge.html 8) blurtit What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Router?[online]. Available from: http://www.blurtit.com/q7578003.html 9) zimbio Advantages And Disadvantages For Wireless Internet[online]. Available from:http://www.zimbio.com/Keyword+Marketing/articles/5/Advantages+Disadvantages+Wireless+Internet 10) Wikipedia Network Layer[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Layer 11) Wikipedia Data Link Layer[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Link_Layer 12) (figure1.1) Available from:http://www.belindahaikes.com/VisualCultureandTechnology/VCT1998/68573-router-diagram.gif 13)(figure1.2) Available from:http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2001/03/16/graphics/Figure4_2.jpg

Technological Advancement is Natural Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Technological Advancement is Natural As we enter the twenty-first century, it is clear that many things about our method of interacting with our environment are different than in previous centuries, and that, in fact, the very philosophy of the man-nature interaction may change again. Some look forward to these changes. Others are fearful or condemnatory. In many cases, people implicitly or explicitly argue that certain technologies are unnatural. They claim that while certain technologies may be useful, other technologies represent a form of Nature manipulation and this that tinkering is unwise. Since this argument may appear in many places, it is important to critically analyze it. I feel that this argument is the arbitrary reaction of one philosophy against another, and does not by itself prove anything. Examining perceptions of the natural from history and certain exemplary situations, along with modern thinking on the subject, may illuminate the deeper issues that lie behind this argument. Aboriginal humanity seems to have had various religious systems designated broadly as "nature-worship". Objects in nature, places, and the spirits of friends or relatives (living or dead) were to be worshiped, feared, and appeased. For instance, a native American might leave an offering to the soul of a deer he had hunted. Other societies would gather in groves or caves to celebrate religious ceremonies. In agrarian and feudal societies, more complex and technical religious systems were developed. They might be designated "Polytheism", "Monotheism", and "Universalism". For the purposes of this discussion, let us define these terms as follows: Monotheism identifies exactly one transcendent supernatural being, who, by his own nat... ...nded tones of fear of the alien and suspicion of the mixed." I also worry that, in the debates over modern technology, many people fear change and use the word "unnatural", as well as others, to draw unwarranted assumptions into the debate. There are cases where "tinkering" with nature can have major unintended consequence, just as a man manipulating the works at a hydroelectric dam could cause a flood in the valley below. However, these consequences arise not because it is evil to play with nature but because Nature herself is both extremely powerful and morally neutral. Man has always tried to subdue Nature and hold her at bay. This becomes easier as we understand her better, so I claim that technology is perfectly natural. Work Cited Holy Bible. Authorized King James Version. Ed. C.I. Scofield. New Scofield Reference Edition. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.

Women Enpowerment

Power is a relational dynamic between individuals or between groups of people and is often unequally distributed. This inequality results in control or domination. The pattern in which power is distributed in a society or the power structure of society is strengthened by the force of tradition ,values,history and by the prevalent ways of thinking and behaving. Any effort to change the balance of power entails change in the existing power structure. Women's empowerment is the process by which women negotiate a more equitable distribution of power , a greater space in the critical decision making processes in the home ,in the community and in the economic and political life. The aim of empowerment of women is the fuller and wholesome development of both men and women. Empowerment of women is anti-men. It is against patriarchy. Changes in law pertaining to marriage ,property, sexual harassment ,dowry,rape and other forms of violence, so as to bring in laws favouring or supporting women's empowerment are necessary but not enough. Enabling women to actually access to the benefits of appropriate laws is the key task of the empowerment process. The process of empowerment which seeks an equitable and active share for women has to deal with the burden of ideas and values which are passed on to women as part of their socialization process from their very childhood. This social conditioning becomes part of her person and mindset and influences her behavior. The empowerment process must begin with women changing their own ways of thinking and behaving . They must try to appreciate themselves more and to recognize and value their knowledge and skills and their contribution of the sustainability of the households and the community. Women then, must wage a multi-prolonged battle at many levels and this battle has necessarily to begin with the women themselves at a personal and individual level . As the empowerment process advances ,men loose their traditional power and control over women and this process must begin within the family. Women setting out to empower themselves must be aware and also prepared for the backlash they might have to face from the men who suddenly find themselves losing their traditional power and control. The road to empowerment is long, lonely and often frightening. In fact, the struggle is the process of empowerment. In recent decades, while individual women have been waging a very personal struggle, they have not been alone. Women within 34 communities, within countries and across the globe have been linking within one another to expand and to sharpen their efforts for their own empowerment. Economic Empowerment of women: Poverty Eradication: Since women comprise the majority of the population below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination, macroeconomic policies and poverty eradication programmes will specifically address the needs and problems of such women. There will be improved implementation of programmes which are already women oriented with special targets for women. Steps will be taken for mobilization of poor women and convergence of services, by offering them a range of economic and social options, along with necessary support measures to enhance their capabilities Micro Credit: In order to enhance women’s access to credit for consumption and production, the establishment of new, and strengthening of existing micro-credit mechanisms and micro-finance institution will be undertaken so that the outreach of credit is enhanced. Other supportive measures would be taken to ensure adequate flow of credit through extant financial institutions and banks, so that all women below poverty line have easy access to credit. Women and Economy: Women’s perspectives will be included in designing and implementing macro-economic and social policies by institutionalizing their participation in such processes. Their contribution to socio-economic development as producers and workers will be recognized in the formal and informal sectors (including home based workers) and appropriate policies relating to employment and to her working conditions will be drawn up. Such measures could include: Women and Agriculture: In view of the critical role of women in the agriculture and allied sectors, as producers, concentrated efforts will be made to ensure that benefits of training, extension and various programmes will reach them in proportion to their numbers. The programmes for training women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agriculture like horticulture, livestock including small animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expanded to benefit women workers in the griculture sector. Women and Industry: The important role played by women in electronics, information technology and food processing and agro industry and textiles has been crucial to the development of these sectors. They would be given comprehensive support in terms of labour legislation, social security and other support services to participate in various industrial sectors. Women at present cannot work in night shift in fact ories even if they wish to. Suitable measures will be taken to enable women to work on the night shift in factories. This will be accompanied with support services for security, transportation etc. Social Empowerment of Women: Education: Equal access to education for women and girls will be ensured. Special measures will be taken to eliminate discrimination, universalize education, eradicate illiteracy, create a gender-sensitive educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and improve the quality of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as development of occupation/vocation/technical skills by women. Reducing the gender gap in secondary and higher education would be a focus area. Sectoral time targets in existing policies will be achieved, with a special focus on girls and women, particularly those belonging to weaker sections including the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/Other Backward Classes/Minorities. Gender sensitive curricula would be developed at all levels of educational system in order to address sex stereotyping as one of the causes of gender discrimination. Health: A holistic approach to women’s health which includes both nutrition and health services will be adopted and special attention will be given to the needs of women and the girl at all stages of the life cycle. The reduction of infant mortality and maternal mortality, which are sensitive indicators of human development, is a priority concern. This policy reiterates the national demographic goals for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) set out in the National Population Policy 2000. Women should have access to comprehensive, affordable and quality health care. Measures will be adopted that take into account the reproductive rights of women to enable them to exercise informed choices, their vulnerability to sexual and health problems together with endemic, infectious and communicable diseases such as malaria, TB, and water borne diseases as well as hypertension and cardio-pulmonary diseases. The social, developmental and health consequences of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases will be tackled from a gender perspective. Nutrition: Intra-household discrimination in nutritional matters vis-a-vis girls and women will be sought to be ended through appropriate strategies. Widespread use of nutrition education would be made to address the issues of intra-household imbalances in nutrition and the special needs of pregnant and lactating women. Women’s participation will also be ensured in the planning, superintendence and delivery of the system. Violence against women: All forms of violence against women, physical and mental, whether at domestic or societal levels, including those arising from customs, traditions or accepted practices shall be dealt with effectively with a view to eliminate its incidence. Institutions and mechanisms/schemes for assistance will be created and strengthened for prevention of such violence , including sexual harassment at work place and customs like dowry; for the rehabilitation of the victims of violence and for taking effective action against the perpetrators of such violence. A special emphasis will also be laid on programmes and measures to deal with trafficking in women and girls. Rights of the Girl Child: All forms of discrimination against the girl child and violation of her rights shall be eliminated by undertaking strong measures both preventive and punitive within and outside the family. These would relate specifically to strict enforcement of laws against prenatal sex selection and the practices of female foeticide, female infanticide, child marriage, child abuse and child prostitution etc. Removal of discrimination in the treatment of the girl child within the family and outside and projection of a positive image of the girl child will be actively fostered. There will be special emphasis on the needs of the girl child and earmarking of substantial investments in the areas relating to food and nutrition, health and education, and in vocational education. In implementing programmes for eliminating child labour, there will be a special focus on girl children. Mass Media: Media will be used to portray images consistent with human dignity of girls and women. The Policy will specifically strive to remove demeaning, degrading and negative conventional stereotypical images of women and violence against women. Private sector partners and media networks will be involved at all levels to ensure equal access for women particularly in the area of information and communication echnologies. The media would be encouraged to develop codes of conduct, professional guidelines and other self regulatory mechanisms to remove gender stereotypes and promote balanced portrayals of women and men. Operational Strategies: Institutional Mechanisms: National and State Resource Centres on women will be established with mandates for collection and dissemination of information, undertaking research work, conducting surveys, implementing training and awareness gener ation programmes, etc. These Centers will link up with Women’s Studies Centres and other research and academic institutions through suitable information networking systems. While institutions at the district level will be strengthened, at the grass-roots, women will be helped by Government through its programmes to organize and strengthen into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) at the Anganwadi/Village/Town level. The women’s groups will be helped to institutionalize themselves into registered societies and to federate at the Panchyat/Municipal level. These societies will bring about synergistic implementation of all the social and economic development programmes by drawing resources made available through Government and Non-Government channels, including banks and financial institutions and by establishing a close Interface with the Panchayats/ Municipalities. Resource Management: a. Assessment of benefits flowing to women and resource allocation to the programmes relating to them through an exercise of gender budgeting. Appropriate changes in policies will be made to optimize benefits to women under these schemes; b. Adequate resource allocation to develop and promote the policy outlined earlier based on (a) above by concerned Departments. c. Developing synergy between personnel of Health, Rural Development, Education and Women & Child Development Department at field level and other village level functionaries’ d. Meeting credit needs by banks and financial credit institutions through suitable policy initiatives and development of new institutions in coordination with the Department of Women & Child Development. Women’s Component Plan: The strategy of Women’s Component Plan adopted in the Ninth Plan of ensuring that not less than 30% of benefits/funds flow to women from all Ministries and Departments will be implemented effectively so that the needs and interests of women and girls are addressed by all concerned sectors. The Department of Women and Child Development being the nodal Ministry will monitor and review the progress of the implementation of the Component Plan from time to time, in terms of both quality and quantity in collaboration with the Planning Commission. Legislation a. Strict enforcement of all relevant legal provisions and speedy redressal of grievances will be ensured, with a special focus on violence and gender related atrocities. b. Measures to prevent and punish sexual harassment at the place of work, protection for women workers in the organized/ unorganized sector and strict enforcement of relevant laws such as Equal Remuneration Act and Minimum Wages Act will be undertaken, c. Crimes against women, their incidence, prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution will be regularly reviewed at all Crime Review fora and Conferences at the Central, State and District levels. Recognised, local, voluntary organizations will be authorized to lodge Complaints and facilitate registration, investigations and legal proceedings related to violence and atrocities against girls and women. d. Women’s Cells in Police Stations, Encourage Women Police Stations Family Courts, Mahila Courts, Counselling Centers, Legal Aid Centers and Nyaya Panchayats will be strengthened and expanded to eliminate violence and atrocities against women. e. Widespread dissemination of information on all aspects of legal rights, human rights and other entitlements of women, through specially designed legal literacy programmes and rights information programmes will be done. Gender Sensitization: a. Promoting societal awareness to gender issues and women’s human rights. b. Review of curriculum and educational materials to include gender education and human rights issues c. Removal of all references derogatory to the dignity of women from all public documents and legal instruments. . Use of different forms of mass media to communicate social messages relating to women’s equality and empowerment. Partnership with the voluntary sector organizations: The involvement of voluntary organizations, associations, federations, trade unions, non-governmental organizations, women’s organizations, as well as institutions dealing with education, training and research will be ensured in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and review of all policies and programmes affecting women. Towards this end, they will be provided with appropriate support related to resources and capacity building and facilitated to participate actively in the process of the empowerment of women. Women Reservation Bill: Reservation for women at each level of legislative decision-making, starting with the Lok Sabha, down to state and local legislatures. If the Bill is passed, one-third of the total available seats would be reserved for women in national, state, or local governments. In continuation of the existing provisions already mandating reservations for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes, one-third of such SC and ST candidates must be women. Political pundits, sociologists, political scientists, feminists and historians and almost everybody has said that if the bill becomes an act then it will be the biggest socio-political news since independence. The central government cleared the Bill on February 25, 2010. For such a bill to pass, the Constitution has laid out an elaborate procedure. So, even if the Rajya Sabha passes the bill its real impact will be felt only when it passes through the Lok Sabha. On March 8, it's difficult to say how the government will manage order in the Upper House so that members favouring the bill can vote without disruption or chaos created by opposing members. Article on Women Empowerment Women Empowerment : Women are the integral part of our country that is not only limited to bring up the children but also to contribute equally for the development of our country. They are such human bodies which are made of patience, tolerance, perseverance, strength and dedication towards their families. They play a dynamic role in each and every activity. Moreover, there is not even a single field left where they have not left their footprints whether it’s about opposition of Government in ‘Geetika Murder Case’ (An airhostess, Delhi) or their raising of voices against the rape of ‘Delhi’s Medical student’. We can clearly feel their presence in our life and figure out what we are without them. However, in this male-dominated world, women have no option left except dealing with the problems which they come across on regular basis. They are better than men in all the areas and that cannot be denied by all of us. As per the data, 84000 cases were registered against the men for the sexual violence of women in 2014 which itself is a ‘Statistics of Shame’ for our country folk. More than 6 million female fetuses have been aborted in the last decade which shows our law and order and its delaying in the decision. Besides all these, 825000 cases or violence are still pending in our trustworthy said courts. These statistics show that how much developed we are in terms of oppression on women. In case of ‘Delhi Rape’ few politicians blamed the victims for their movement towards westernization and adopting western culture knowing that most of women who are victimized are either poor or illiterate by birth. So, rather than pointing out their incapability, they should amend such laws that not only protect them but also become medium of grave punishment for the doers. When women can do all that is required for the enhancement and modernization of the world, why women are not much powered as compare to the men who still believe in disrespecting the women of our country and making us feel embarrassed. They are educated and aware of their own rights. Most importantly, they need not depend on their male mates to get their work done. They have emerged as supernatural power which knows no restriction and boundation and they are both mentally and physically able to respond. Now, the time has come for women to empower themselves so that every criminal may think twice before he comments or molests any of the women of our country. Apart from these, Govt. hould step forward and run campaign for the overall awareness of women across the country. Through these alternatives, we can dream of liberation once again which is meant for both men and women equally. Women empowerment will help all the women to come forward and understand their rights for their stability in this staggering male world. They will be more educated and aware of laws which they usually do not get to know till they die. In this way, they can feel empowered and live safer than ever.

The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide To Make Your Traffic Soar

The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide To Make Your Traffic Soar According to Internet Live Stats, Google processes over 60,000 searches per second. That means its sending tons traffic to websites all around the world. As a result, its unsurprising that 61% of marketers say improving search engine optimization is their top marketing priority. It also means the competition is fierce. To make matters worse, its often tough to know whether your current tactics are effective. One thing is for sure, though: successful SEO starts with effective content. So, does that mean if you write great stuff, your pages and blog posts will rank? Not exactly. That content needs to be written to appeal to both search engines and humans, so Google (and others) can send traffic to the best possible sources. And this means understanding both search engine optimization and copywriting in equal measure. At this point, you probably have some questions. Fortunately, youre about to find answers. Read on to find the answers and master SEO copywriting, once and for all. What is ? is an industry-leading marketing management platform for teams of all sizes. Start planning projects on unified calendar and learn how you can overcome makeshift marketing now. Table of Contents: Copywriting Templates SEO and Copywriting Tools What is Copywriting? Why Does SEO Matter? How Does SEO Work? Copywriting 101 Copywriting Formulas Keyword Research Writing Optimized Content Measuring SEO Success When Content Fails The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide That Will Make Your Traffic Soar Grab Your Free SEO Copywriting Template Bundle This post is packed with practical tips to help you write better copy that ranks and converts. In order to help you apply what you learn, weve put together this free downloadable bundle of useful templates and other resources. Youll get: An On-Page SEO Checklist to make sure every piece of content you publish is properly optimized. An SEO Content Strategy Template to figure out what youll publish (and why). An easy-to-follow SEO Copywriting Template to simplify and organize your content writing process. Download all three before we get going.Recommended SEO and Copywriting Tools Here are some tools and gadgets to keep at your disposal: Grammarly: This is a life-saving spelling and grammar-checking tool. Hemingway: Improve your writing and make your content easier to understand. Yoast: If you use WordPress, this plugin is essential for editing title tags and meta descriptions. Plus, it packs tons of additional power, too. Ahrefs: This is the SEO tool of choice at for keyword research, rank tracking, and more. Can I Rank: Analyze content and keywords to understand exactly what your copy needs to do, in order to rank. Spotibo SERP Preview Checker: See what your title tags and meta descriptions will look like in search results. What Is SEO Copywriting, Exactly? In simplest terms, it’s the practice of writing content that aligns content with search queries. This involves writing copy that connects content with search intent and solves your audience's problems. Ultimately, that's what powers the top-performing content on Google. Sounds simple enough, right? Well, it isn’t quite that easy. Sometimes, incorporating keywords can mean rephrasing your wording (even if you'd prefer another choice of words). Or, you might even feel tempted to give into spammy old-school tactics like keyword stuffing (cramming keywords everywhere possible- a quick way to turn off readers and get slapped with a penalty from Google). What’s an aspiring SEO copywriting wizard to do? Keep these points in mind: Your goal is not simply to rank in search engines. Rankings are important. They drive traffic, which help drive conversions, after all. They’re not your end goal, though. Your goal is to connect the dots between your audience’s problems and the solutions your content provides. Ensuring your content ranks is a means to this end. That means understanding the search intent behind targeted keywords and creating stuff that delivers an â€Å"aha!† moment for your reader. That’s what’s going to lead to more conversions and sales. Put your audience first. It’s blatantly obvious when marketers don’t do this, and the results are never as good as catering to your reader’s needs first. What should every #SEO copywriter keep in mind? Find out here: Why Should Writers Pay Attention to Search Engines, Anyway? Your business needs new customers to keep the lights on. Search engines are one of the best ways to attract them. Now, you may have heard that SEO is unnecessary because Google has gotten better at understanding content without using keywords. It's true that search engines are better at understanding topics and context without heavy-handed optimization than they once were.  However, they still need help understanding what your content is about, and getting this right is key to maximizing organic search traffic. That’s where your  SEO copywriting skills come into play. By understanding how to write for humans and optimize for search engines, you can make sure your content ranks for the right search terms to reach the right audience. Do it well, and you’ll drive tons of high-converting traffic to your content and bring in more customers. How Does SEO Work? It's useful to have a working knowledge of SEO before moving forward. Unfortunately, well-meaning marketers often make this more confusing than it needs to be, causing writers to overthink what they're being asked to do. This post will attempt to make the essentials easily digestible. In their legendary SEO beginner's guide, software provider Moz says: Search engines have two major functions: crawling and building an index, and providing search users with a ranked list of the websites they've determined are the most relevant. Understanding Links and Their Impact on SEO The way search engines build indexes relies on links. Links between pages help the search engines understand the relationships between sites across the Web. To quote Moz once again: Imagine the World Wide Web as a network of stops in a big city subway system. Each stop is a unique document (usually a web page, but sometimes a PDF, JPG, or other file). The search engines need a way to â€Å"crawl† the entire city and find all the stops along the way, so they use the best path available- links. How do Google (and other search engines) understand what's on each stop? That part relies on the content of each web page, or other document or file in its index. Webmasters might link content that is related on their own sites, or link out to relevant content on other sites. This creates the necessary pathways search engine bots need to crawl through the web and understand how the web is constructed. In order to create content people want to link to, and that search engines can understand, it needs to be relevant to topics people search for. It also needs to be well-written, structured in a way that's easy to read, and include on-page elements that tell search engines, "This content is relevant to this topic." It's okay if this doesn't quite make sense yet. Give it time, and it'll start to click. Understanding How On-Page Factors Influence SEO When it comes to SEO, it's important to understand the big picture. There are tons of different ranking factors that can impact your performance. This infographic from Backlinko illustrates some of the most important elements a copywriter or content creator should know: Source: https://backlinko.com/on-page-seo. Copywriting 101: Get a Grip on the Basics Copywriting is a timeless art, whether you're concerned with SEO or not.  Without a strong foundation in fundamental sales writing techniques, your efforts will struggle. This section will walk through basic techniques for effective copywriting, from audience research to formulas you can follow for success. What Is Copywriting? Copywriting all about writing that converts readers into customers.  This video from Kopywriting Kourse offers a succinct explanation: Start By Understanding Your Audience If your copy is going to stick, you need to know exactly who you’re writing for. With some simple audience research (and maybe a persona or two on hand), you can make targeting your message to the right customer much easier. The best copy addresses a problem, at the intersection of your product's purpose and audience's needs. This forms your "content core." Recommended Reading: How to Find Your Target Audience And Create the Best Content That Connects Next, Understand Your Customer's Problems and Pain Points Your product or service helps solve a problem. Your copy needs to communicate what makes your product the best option. To do this, you need to have a clear understanding of your target customers’ pain points. Here are a few places to start: Talk to your sales team.  They interact with customers directly and have great insight. Ask customers on social media. They'll tell you what they think. Good, or bad.   Lean on customer and audience surveys. This is another way to get direct feedback. Then, Consider Developing Some Basic Customer Personas You may not have the time or resources to build personas. But, if you can, they're helpful for  understanding your audience. Personas are like character descriptions of customers. At a minimum, a persona should tell you a few basic things: Who is your target consumer?  Be specific. What are their interests and concerns? This could include things outside your industry. What are their primary pain points? You need to know what they need help with before your content can provide useful answers. This is a (very) short list of everything a good persona should tell you. For a more detailed guide on developing user personas, check out this post here. Writing for SEO? Start by understanding your core persona.Know How the Marketing Funnel Works Marketing funnels map intent to different stages of the purchasing process. They typically include at least three stages: Top of Funnel (TOFU): At this stage, customers are unaware of your brand or product. Middle of the Funnel (MOFU):   The customer knows they need a product or solution. However, they may or may not be considering your brand. Bottom of the Funnel: Now, the customer is ready to make a purchase. Some marketing funnel visualizations add more stages. Here is an example: As a copywriter, it's important to understand which stage you're targeting. A lot of content written for SEO purposes targets the top of the funnel. However, you may also need to write copy targeting the bottom of the funnel, too. This could include writing landing pages or product descriptions. As a copywriter, it's important to understand which stage of the marketing funnel you're targeting... Understand Basic Copywriting Formulas Even when you’re taking search into consideration, the basics principles of the craft still apply. Use these simple formulas to craft content that connects with your audience and motivates your desired action. PAS (Problem / Agitate / Solve) This classic formula has been kicking around for decades. Here’s how it works: Identify a problem. Since you spent time researching your audience, you should know common problems they face. Agitate anxiety around that problem. What makes this problem particularly pressing? Offer a solution. How can your product or service make your audience’s life better? Let’s say you’re selling rain repellant auto-glass coatings. Here’s how this formula breaks down: Problem: Driving in rain can be difficult when your car’s windshield doesn’t deflect moisture. Agitation: This problem is made even worse when driving through storms at night. Solution: Spraying coating on your windshield can decrease your chances of getting in a wreck due to poor visibility. Here's how the PAS copywriting formula worksAIDA (Attention / Interest / Desire / Action) This formula follows four phases: Capture your reader’s attention. This often starts with writing headlines and title tags people can’t help but click. Stoke interest. Follow through on your headline with interesting information that keeps them reading through to your call-to-action. Inspire desire.  Show your reader how life could be better with your product or service. Drive action.  Roll out your call-to-action and tell them how they can learn more or make a purchase. Using our auto-glass coating example from before, let's create a hypothetical example of this formula in action: Attention: You've never seen through a windshield this clear (even on the darkest, stormiest, nights). Interest: It's made possible with a secret solution no one else has. Desire: And it can be yours for one low price at your nearest retailer. This isn't a fantastic example, but you understand how it works. Here's how the AIDA copywriting formula worksThe Four Cs (Clear / Concise / Compelling / Credible) This formula aims to achieve everything authoritative content should be. For that reason, it’s perfect for crafting search-optimized content that convert. Clear. Make your point plain as day. Concise. Cut anything from your content that doesn’t directly help your reader. Compelling. Make it interesting. Work in stats and other data points that are accurate but hard to believe. Credible. Back up your claims with reputable sources. Let's go back to our auto-glass coating example one more time: Clear: Nothing maintains windshield visibility like this auto-glass coating. Concise: How? With a patented tri-chemical compound. Compelling: Nothing else cleans windshields better ... Credible: ... and it's backed by a five-star review in Motor Trend. Again, this isn't a wildly creative example. But, you can see how this formula's individual components work. Here's how the Four C's copywriting formula works Check out these detailed guides to common copywriting formulas for even more to choose from: "The 27 Copywriting Formulas That Will Drive Clicks And Engagement on Social Media" by Kevan Lee at Buffer "Copywriting Formualas: Don't Write From Scratch!" by Joanna Wiebe at Copyhackers "21 Incredible Copywriting Formulas I Use" by Copy Ranger "114+ Copywriting Formulas to Get Traffic and Leads" by Helen Nesterenko at Writtent "3 Brilliant Copywriting Formulas for Crafting More Persuasive Landing Pages" by Amanda Durepos at Unbounce Recommended Reading: How to Create a Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% Getting Started With SEO: Keyword Research Keywords are your guiding light for SEO copywriting success. They offer insight into what your audience needs from your content and which problems they’re looking to solve. So, how do you find which keywords your content should target? First, identify topics your audience is interested in. If you completed the customer research steps in the previous section, you should have some ideas around general topical areas. Next, use a keyword research tool (or two or three) to find search volume and search difficulty. Here are some popular options: Adwords Keyword Planner:  Sure, it’s more of a PPC tool than an SEO one. It’s also free and still provides valuable keyword insights to incorporate into your strategy. Moz Keyword Explorer: If you have a paid Moz account, you’re probably familiar with its built-in Keyword Explorer tool. It’s robust and feature-rich, providing tons of information around keyword volume, difficulty, related terms, and more. Ahrefs Keywords Explorer: This option from Ahrefs is similar to the Moz tool above. One cool feature it adds is the ability to identify the parent topic of a given keyword. Pretty cool. Again, this is a paid-only tool. LSI Graph: This free web-based tool finds terms related to a core keyword. Ubersuggest: This classic tool rounds up autocomplete results for keywords, helping you turn one keyword into tons of potential ideas. Doing keyword research? Try using these tools.The way these tools work on a fundamental level is simple: you enter a keyword, and it either provides you with relevant metrics, related ideas, or both. For example, a company that makes electric cars may want their homepage to rank for "electric cars." So, they could use Ahrefs to see if people search for this keyword: It turns out lots of people search for this term, which isn't surprising. But, what does all this information mean? Keyword Difficulty: This measures how difficult it is to rank on a keyword. The higher the number, the more challenging it will be. Search Volume: This is the estimated number of times the keyword gets searched in Google. Parent Topic: This is the broader topic this keyword falls under (it turns out "electric cars" is the parent). Sometimes, keywords are actually sub-topics of a parent topic. Traffic Potential: This is how much traffic a site could potentially get from this keyword. It takes total search volume, and the number of searches that result in a click, into account. Different tools offer different metrics you can analyze.  No matter which tool you’re using though, difficulty and volume are key. The most valuable keywords show  high volume  and low difficulty. They’re rare, but worth considering targeting when you do uncover them. Understanding Search Intent It isn’t enough to find keywords you can rank for and move on. You also need to understand what people are really looking for when they’re searching for a particular term. This is especially true for search terms that are similar in spelling or phrasing, or words with multiple meanings. Let’s take the search term â€Å"football scores† for example. Even though I’m in the United States, here’s what I see: Now, most of the world calls soccer â€Å"football.† However, here in the US, it's more likely I wanted American football scores from the NFL. If I were in Canada, I might have wanted scores from the CFL, too. Someone in Australia might have been looking for Australian Rules Football updates. In Ireland, a searcher could want Gaelic football scores. That’s a lot of different possibilities for one keyword phrase (and a lot of different types of football). There are a few reasons why I probably got the results I did: There was a major soccer (or football) tournament happening. Since Google processes searches for relevancy, it made a guess that’s what I was looking for. The NFL is out of season.  Ã‚  But, maybe I wanted to find historical scores from season’s past. I’m a sponge for useless football trivia. It wasn't a specific enough search query. If I wanted NFL scores, I could have adjusted my search to be more narrowly targeted. The takeaway here is you need to know exactly what your audience is looking for. There are no room for assumptions here. If your selected keyword is off-target, your content will be, too. If your selected keyword is off-target, your content will be, too.Segmenting And Mapping Keywords By User Intent So, how can you better understand search intent? First, understand that keywords typically fall into three different categories: Navigational: Someone is trying to find a particular website. Informational: Someone is trying to gather information on a topic. Transactional: Someone is looking to buy a product or service. Segmenting keywords into each bucket is easy enough. Odds are, you’ll likely focus on the second two categories (informational and transactional). Now, it’s important to understand where in the sales funnel each of these types of keywords aligns with. Here’s another look at what a typical marketing funnel looks like: Here's how to effectively map keywords to different marketing funnel stages:How Can You Tell Exactly What People Are Looking For? Once you have a keyword selected, it’s time to figure out exactly what people want when they search that specific term. Start with a simple Google search and review the results. Then, ask yourself a couple questions: Are there any common themes in the SERPs?  If every result  appears to cover a similar topic, that’s a sign the search intent is clear. Do the search results appear mixed?  Or, if results look like a mixed bag of different specific topics, it could be that search engines can’t quite determine exactly what someone might want with that given phrase. In this case, it might be better to choose a more specific term. Then, ask whether your given keyword is navigational, informational, or transactional. You can determine this by whether the term is intended to provide a basis for research  or to actually get the credit card out and make a purchase. Recommended Reading: Your Ultimate Content Marketer's Guide to Keyword Research Understand Secondary Keywords and How to Target an Entire Topic Understanding secondary keywords is a powerful skill for any SEO copywriter. If your parent topic is your primary keyword, then secondary keywords are related terms that should be included in your content. Here are a few easy ways to find these terms: Use a high-powered keyword research tool like Moz or Ahrefs Keyword Explorer. These platforms make it easy to compile lists of related terms. Check out related searches in Google. Google (and Bing) often displays related searches at the bottom of search results. This can give you ideas for other content you can create, or terms to include in your piece. Use LSI Graph. This aforementioned tool makes it easy to spin off tons of LSI terms from one seed term. Just visit the website, enter a keyword, and let ‘er rip. Or, you can use the new LSI Graph WordPress plugin  (if you’re using WordPress for your CMS). Note: There is some debate in the SEO world about whether or not "latent semantic indexing" is the correct term to use for incorporating secondary keywords into content. As a copywriter, you don't need to be distracted by this conversation, unless you find it interesting. It's more important to understand the application of this concept in regards to targeting topics, rather than understanding the mechanics and definitions of terms. Put It All Together: How to Write SEO-Optimized Content As a best practice, put content first and search engine optimization second. Stephen Jeske, president of CanIRank (a handy on-page SEO tool), said on the Actionable Marketing Podcast: â€Å"Only after I’ve published do I actually think about tweaking it so search engines can understand my post better. I like to write for humans first and search engines second.† This piece of advice came from the founder of an SEO tool, no less. So, what does that tell you? When it comes to SEO copywriting, people are your priority. When it comes to SEO copywriting, people are your priority.On-Page Keyword Placement Once upon a time, SEOs would jam keywords wherever possible. This routinely resulted in terrible copy that ranked well because search engines were less effective at filtering out crap. Fortunately, things have long since changed. Generally speaking, you need to think people first and search engines second if you want to succeed. But, it’s still Search engines need some guidance to understand what your content is about. So, strategic keyword placement is still an important part of any search-optimized content strategy, and that isn’t likely to change in the immediate future. Let’s dig into the where and why of on-page keyword placement. URL: The slug should include your primary keyword phrase. H1:  The headline should be in an H1 tag and should include your primary keyword phrase. H2 and H3 subheadings:  These are great places to include secondary and related keyword phrases (if and where appropriate). Introduction: If your keyword truly is the topic of your content, it shouldn’t be hard to reference it somewhere in your introduction. Throughout your content: Odds are, your primary keyword (and related phrases) are going to show up naturally throughout your content as you write. If not, consider rereading your content after you’ve finished a draft to make sure it’s present. Image file name: Include the primary keyword in one image file name. Tip: Don’t worry about keyword density (the ratio between the number of times keywords appear in your content and how many total words are present on your page). As long as your keyword phrases are included in your copy where search engines need them to interpret your content (and where it would make sense naturally for your reader), then you’re in good shape. Write an Optimized Headline Headlines are extremely important for any copywriter. Advertising visionary David Ogilvy once famously said: â€Å"On the average, five times as many people read the  headline  as read the body copy. When you have written your  headline, you have spent eighty cents out of your dollar.† The Headline Analyzer is a free tool for optimizing headlines before you publish. Plus, it's also built into :When writing headlines for search engine optimization purposes, remember the following: Include your primary keyword. It doesn't need to be an exact match. But, your headline should be closely relevant to your core keyword. Place the headline in an H1 tag. This post will explain what this means later on. Make sure your CMS uses only one H1 tag per page. Incorporate an action verb and a benefit. That's headline writing 101. Look at this headline example from the Moz Blog. Dominic wrote this post about "technical SEO problems." Therefore, he included this phrase in the headline, sending a strong signal to search engines about this content's topic. Insert Your Primary Keyword in the Webpage URL Search engines use keywords in page URLs to help them understand its content. Follow these guidelines: Write clean URLs:  Keep them punchy and concise. Use - and not _ : Incorporate your keyword phrase: Again, it doesn't necessarily need to be an exact match. However, it should be close. Here is the URL from the previous Moz Blog example: Notice how it includes the primary keyword. Plus, it also includes the term "checklist," which will help this page rank for searchers looking for one to solve this problem. Here's why URLs should include keywords (plus more #SEO #copywriting tips:Write Strong  Title Tags and Meta Descriptions Your primary keyword should always be in your title tag and meta description. If you’re unfamiliar with what these are, they’re the blue links and informational snippets you see in search engine results: Search engines give the most weight to keywords placed closest to the left. But, make sure your title tags are easy for people to read. This should be your priority. While meta descriptions aren’t used to determine page ranking, they encourage users to click. Since your keyword is what users are looking for, including it in your meta description reinforces the relevance of your content. To make sure both look good in search results, follow these character counts: Title Tags: 70 characters or fewer. Meta Descriptions: 156 characters max. You can test your title tags and meta descriptions before publishing using the Spotibo Google Search Results Preview Tool: Including your #keyword in your meta description helps reinforce SERP relevancy:Nail Your Introduction It's important to write great introductions that hook readers. But, did you know it's also crucial to include keywords and phrases in your intro, too? Make sure your primary keyword, or a close variation, is included somewhere within the first few hundred words of text. This should be easy to do naturally. Once again, take a look at the example from the Moz Blog: The primary keyword is included in the second paragraph. The author also included "checklist" in the third paragraph. This clearly communicates what the page is about to both readers and search engines. Incorporate Secondary Keywords Into Your Subheadings HTML uses six levels of header tags to structure content. Including keywords in subheads sends the message that they're important. Here is what they look like in the WordPress editor: Subheads should target secondary points about your topic. The example post from Moz uses an H2 tag here: This achieves two goals: It tells the search engine this section is important. People on this post want the checklist. Readers can easily tell this is the checklist they're looking for. Rather than searching through the content to find it, this subhead makes it obvious this is where it's at. Infusing Secondary Keywords Into Your Copy While we touched on this topic briefly before, now it’s time to actually apply it to your writing. For a brief recap on why this is important, consider the following two points: Search engines have gotten better at connecting different words that mean the same thing. For example, a piece of content about â€Å"red sneakers† might also rank for â€Å"red tennis shoes†. That’s because Google (or Bing or Yahoo) can understand that â€Å"sneakers† and â€Å"tennis shoes† mean nearly the same thing. Search engines reward content that targets an entire topic, rather than just one keyword. When someone enters a keyword phrase, the search engine’s job is to return results that answer the query thoroughly. This leads to content that answers a question completely and comprehensively outperforming content that's thin. Your content needs to include not only one targeted primary keyword, but other terms and information related to the core topic your content is about. Go back to the Moz Blog example. It uses terms that are related to "technical SEO problems" from start to finish. Look at this paragraph: "Invalid HTML" is a technical SEO problem, right? By touching on tons of different examples like this, the author sends the message that this is a comprehensive piece of content, that addresses a broad topic in deep detail. Include Links to Other Pages on Your Site This post previously explained the importance of links. That includes links to your page from other sites, and links between pages on your own domain. These help search engines understand which pages are most important. If you link to a page more frequently, it sends the message that its a useful page. However, be careful not to overdo it. Include links when they're helpful for readers. Look at this example from Musicians Friend. The article is all about Fender Telecaster guitars, so its links to a page where shoppers can find and buy this model: Include Links to Useful Resources On Other Sites Links to quality sources show that your content is well-researched. They also help readers by directing them toward other relevant content. It also shows search engines that you're associated with strong sites that people want to visit. Here is some example text from a post on the Raven Tools blog: Since this post is about building a checklist for a new website launch, it links to content that helps readers get this job done. Note the blue text link that goes to an official support doc from Google: That's certainly a quality source, and it helps the reader accomplish their goal. This should always be your aim. How to Measure SEO Success You've now put in tons of work. How do you know if it has been worth it? The answer: invest in a quality SEO platform that can track performance. What Should You Measure? Here are some metrics to monitor: Rankings: Well-written content, with proper keyword targeting, should rank well. Traffic: How many readers is your content attracting? Conversions: Are readers taking your desired action? Backlinks: If your content is good enough, other sites should link to it. How Should You Measure These Performance Indicators? You will need the right tools to measure success. Here are some recommended options: Ahrefs: This is 's preferred tool. You can measure rankings, traffic, backlinks, and more. Moz: May be the most popular option on the market. It's similar to Ahrefs. Google Analytics: Indispensable for measuring site traffic and conversions. What to Do When Your Content Fails If you put in tons of work and do everything right, you should succeed. What happens if you don't, though? Start diagnosing the issue. Then, correct your course of action. Check Your Site Speed People don't like waiting for pages to load. So, Google rewards pages that load more quickly. To check your site speed, use Pingdom's webspeed tester. It's a free tool that detects how fast a web page loads: Show your results to a web developer. Then, ask them to work on improving your site speed. Google Page Speed Insights is another tool you can use to provide detailed recommendations on where your site can be improved: Compress Images With WP Smush If you use WordPress, the plugin WP Smush can help compress images. This can help pages load faster, since images are a common culprit behind slow loading times. Rewrite Your Calls to Action If your page is getting lots of traffic, but conversions are low, your calls-to-action could need work. Follow this guide and make them more compelling. Make Sure Your Page Matches the Keyword Search Intent It's also possible that lots of people are finding your page ... only to learn it's not what they thought it was. Remember the example about how many different kinds of football exist in the world? If someone is searching for a word that means multiple things, it's important that your content makes it clear exactly what the page is about.  Yoast created an excellent guide that explains how search intent works. You are not churning out content for the sake of ranking on specific keywords. Rather, the keywords you choose should be relevant to your business, and the content you create should be relevant to the needs of the person using those keywords. This point cannot be stressed enough. Never Resort to Keyword Stuffing It’s almost hard to believe this still needs to be discussed in 2017. For the uninitiated though, consider this a warning: don’t try to fool search engines by unnaturally stuffing full of keywords. Keyword stuffing involves awkwardly and repeatedly cramming a specific keyword phrase into your text. Here’s an example of what it might look like: Dave’s Shoe Shop is the best shoe store in Dallas, Texas. If you’re shopping for shoes in Dallas or Fort Worth, Dave’s is the footwear outlet for you. No one carries more casual or athletic footwear in the region. In this hypothetical example, it’s obvious the writer is targeting shoe shoppers in the Dallas area. So, they shoved terms related to â€Å"shoes† and â€Å"Dallas† as many different ways as they could into three sentences. This kind of content doesn’t rank well, though. Worse, it certainly isn’t compelling anyone to buy shoes from poor old Dave. Now Start Writing Better Search-Optimized Copy The information in this post is applicable to almost any kind of content you might write. Whether you’re writing product copy for an ecommerce site or search-optimized blog posts to generate leads, you’re now equipped with the knowledge you need to write copy that’s the easy to find and drives conversions.