Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb Essay

              The purpose of this contribution is to analyze the relationship between Article 34 TFEU and national rules regulating when, where, how and by whom a lawfully imported and marketed product may be used. According to that provision, quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States.† The Treaty is silent on how one should understand the words â€Å"all measures having equivalent effect†. In Dassonville, the Court held that these words cover â€Å"all trading rules enacted by member states which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-community trade are to be considered as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions.† This definition is far from being as operational as is sometimes presumed, since it begs at least two questions (Torfaen Borough Council, 1989). First, what measures constitute â€Å"trading rules † and, second, how serious an impact must a measure have before it is â€Å"hindering† intra-community trade.               In its practice, the Court has attached very little, if any, importance to whether national rules aim to regulate trade in goods or whether they pursue other aims. Indeed, in the case law it uses interchangeably the phrases â€Å"trading rules†,1 â€Å"all commercial rules†2, â€Å"all measures†3, â€Å"all rules†4 and â€Å"all legislation†5 to the regulatory subject matter of the national rule in question. The Court’s focus is thus on the effects, not the aim or purpose or the subject matter, of the measure in question. Similarly, regarding the second condition that the national measure be capable of â€Å"hindering† intra-community trade, the Court has consistently refused in principle to apply any de minimis test under Article 34.6 Measures which affect trade only indirectly or potentially therefore fall within the definition of a trade restriction (Torfaen Borough Council, 1989). Indeed, the Court in severa l cases has disregarded statistical evidence showing that imports have increased after a measure was introduced, on the basis that imports might have increased even more in the absence of such a measure.                Consequently, the definition of a trade restriction has become almost all-encompassing, and the legality of huge swaths of national rules therefore depend on the proportionally and justification-test enshrined in Articles 34 and 36 (ex art. 30). This in turn reduces legal certainty for both Member States and traders, and implies a significant risk of judicial overload for the Court itself. As the Sunday-trading saga illustrates, the Court is well aware of these concerns and its ruling in Keck, in relation to a particular group of national rules (i.e., selling arrangements), can be seen as an attempt to meet them. Moreover, in another line of cases, the Court in reality has come close to introducing a de minimis test (albeit at a very low threshold level) by holding that the restrictive effects which a national measure has on the free movement of goods may be too uncertain and too indirect for it to be regarded as capable of hindering trade between Member Stat es (Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb, 1981). The difficulty of establishing the appropriate scope of Article 34 of the Treaty is illustrated by the fact that while the Keck jurisprudence has been criticized for being too inflexible and unable to catch all genuine barriers to trade, it has been argued that the Krantz case law is too difficult to apply and therefore generates legal uncertainty. Use restrictions as measures of equivalent effect                  Against this background, let us turn to the relationship between Article 34 and national measures which allow the importation and marketing of a given product, but restrict when, where, how or by whom it may be used (hereafter â€Å"use restrictions†). Such rules are very common in national legislation. As an example, one could mention a requirement for persons to have attained a particular age before acquiring or using the product, such as a rule preventing minors from purchasing and/or drinking alcohol. The notion also covers rules prohibiting the use of the product in certain places or at certain times, like a ban on the use mobile phones in airplanes or a prohibition on the use of fireworks save for a few days of the year. Other examples would be local planning rules prohibiting the use of a given kind of brick or tile for the construction of houses in a particular area or a ban of certain activities for which a good is normally used, for examp le a ban on hunting with dogs and horses.                  Considering the vast number of such rules, it is important to consider whether use restrictions should be regarded as trade restrictions at all, and if so, how intrusive they must be to be caught by Article 34. Even a prohibition on wearing a particular type of clothing, such as a burka, in public places is arguably covered by this concept. On the one hand, the aim of such rules is normally not to regulate trade. Moreover, they generally do not affect the sale of imported goods more than they affect the sale of domestic goods. Finally, with a literal reading of Article 34 of the Treaty and the Court’s own ruling in Dassonville, it may be questioned how rules which do not limit the importation and marketing of the relevant product, but merely regulate how it may be used after its sale, can be said to constitute â€Å"trading rules†( Procureur du Roi, 1974). On the other hand, it is clear that some limitations on how a product may be used can negatively affect sales and import to a very significant extent. Indeed, whereas a prohibition on using mobile phones in airplanes hardly has any such effect, a ban on using fireworks all year except on 31 December is likely to (greatly) reduce demand for, and thus sales and import of, that good. Similarly, one may imagine that a ban on the use of SUVs in congested urban zones would constitute an efficient means for diminishing sales and import of such cars to the benefit of more environmentally friendly vehicles. Still, while it may be relatively easy to accept that rules completely banning the use of a given product constitute measures with equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction, it may be questioned whether rules merely limiting its lawful use need to be subject to a common European judicial control as to their legitimacy, suitability and necessity. To answer this question, it is, in our view, necessary to consider the practical and economic effect on trade of rules rest ricting the lawful use of goods. An argument can be made that, with the exception of (virtually) complete bans on use, the effects of use restrictions differ fundamentally from the effects of product related rules, and that use restrictions should rather be compared to selling arrangements. Part B               Restrictions of the free movement of goods are prohibited by Art 34 TFEU. Art 56 and Art 57 TFEU provide the same prohibition with regard to the freedom to provide and receive services. Up until now, the case law on restrictions of the free movement of goods has been far more extensive and nuanced, especially with the distinction between â€Å"product requirements† and â€Å"certain selling arrangements† made in the famous Keck-decision. However, with an increasing case load the Court’s attention seems to have gradually shifted to Art 56 and Art 57 TFEU. Even though goods and services are covered by separate Treaty provisions, it has been argued that the restriction of those two market freedoms requires equal treatment because of their substantial similarities and the fact that they are economically often strongly related. This close relation is, for example, visible in the area of advertising. In answering the question of whether a nation al ban on advertising is restricting, the focus could lie either on the advertised product or on the advertising service. The Court itself has held that, in the field of telecommunications, it is difficult to determine generally whether it is free movement of goods or freedom to provide services which should take priority, because the two aspects are often intimately linked. As A.G. Jacobs pointed out in Sà ¤ger, it is sometimes even difficult to distinguish between goods and services. An educational service could for example be provided by sending books or video-cassettes to a recipient in another Member State. In this situation there are both reasons to deal with this situation under Art 34 TFEU, as well as under Art 56 TFEU.                Sometimes a differentiation becomes even more elusive. In situations where only the service itself moves – for example by cable or through the internet – the only difference to the sale of goods is the immaterial nature of the offered service in contrast to the material nature of the good.6 Because of this close relation between goods and services, a different treatment of restrictions according to the choice of legal basis would seem arbitrary in many cases. In this paper, I will analyze the relationship between restrictions of the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services; Is there a uniform restriction approach under Art 34 and Art 56 TFEU, and can the Keck-distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements be transposed into the field of services?( Procureur du Roi, 1974). It arises that both restriction-tests are based on the same principles of mutual recognition and nondiscrimination. Further, there is no need for a separate principle of market access because market access is the aim of the restriction test rather than an independent restriction criterion. Finally, it will be demonstrated that there is a need for the establishment of the categories of service requirements and arrangements for the provision of services under Art 56 TFEU equivalent to the Keck-judgment. Restriction of the Free Movement of Goods                   Art 34 TFEU prohibits quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect. The wording of the provision, especially with regards to equivalently effective measures, is not inherently clear. As a consequence, the Court of Justice was given great discretion in interpreting and defining the scope of application of Art 34 TFEU. The Dassonville case in 1974 was the first opportunity the Court took to address the question of what national legislation could, in principle, constitute a measure having equivalent effect. The Court decided to give Art 34 TFEU a very broad meaning and stated that such measures are, â€Å"all trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-[union] trade†. In the important decision Cassis de Dijon the Court also established the principle of mutual recognition (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). According to this, Member State s are prohibited from restricting the sale of goods that have been lawfully produced under the rules of another Member State. The restriction is prohibited even if it results from the application of national regulations that do not distinguish between national and imported products (indistinctly applicable measures). The principle of mutual recognition seeks to prevent putting a double burden on imported products by requiring them to comply with two different sets of rules. If the product complies with the home State rules, any other Member State must in general accept that product on its market.                Controversy arises when the principle of mutual recognition and the principle of home.               State controls are used synonymously. In a broad interpretation mutual recognition is defined as a mechanism of allocation of regulatory competence to the country of origin designed to avoid a dual regulatory burden (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone, 1984). Others put the focus on functional parallelism and the created further regulatory space for the host State control through the creation of the mandatory requirements exception. The host State can invoke those mandatory requirements, also known as public interest requirements, to justify the national rule and thus keep its regulatory power. However one wants to look at it, it is clear from the case law that there is no automatic recognition or unrestricted regulatory power of the home State because it is limited by the acceptance of mandatory requirements and the principle of functional equivalence. Therefore whenever home State control is mentioned, it has to be borne in mind that it is just a general as sumption of the allocation of regulatory power which can be rebutted.                   As a consequence of the extensive interpretation of Art 34 TFEU by the Court in Dassonville, nearly every national regulation could be brought under judicial scrutiny because it potentially constituted a hindrance to trade. While many consider Dassonville to be judicial activism beyond acceptable bounds, it must be seen in the context of the action or non-action of other European powers. Before the Dassonville decision Member States made little systematic effort to remove non-tariff barriers (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone, 1984). The unanimity requirement for Council decisions led to political quasi-inactivity in the 1960s. In response, the Commission issued in 1969 the Directive 70/5017 which gave measures with equivalent effect an expansive reading and listed 19 types of prohibited rules and practices. All these factors influenced the Court in taking quasi-legislative action, becoming itself the driving force for the building of a common market. The most important consequence of Dassonville and following cases was that the Court empowered the main interest group for removing trade barriers, the European traders and producers, to challenge national legislation. Therefore, the pressure was on the Member States to justify legislation contrary to Art 34 TFEU. Limitation by Keck                   The Court’s case law constituted a great incentive to move towards a common market, but the breadth of the Dassonville-formula turned out to be a double-edged sword. The formula, which did not seem to provide limits to judicial review, was increasingly used as an instrument to attack any national legislation which stood in the way of free trade – like the famous Sunday trading cases show – and this led to an overload of cases. Moreover, national courts clearly signaled their disagreement with the lack of sensible limits and guidelines by simply not applying the formula. Finally, the Court faced heavy criticism in academic literature. These developments led to the important Keck decision in 1993. In this decision the Court limited the scope of judicial review regarding indistinctly applicable measures by adopting a differentiation suggested by academics (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). The differentiation was made between product r equirements on the one hand, which regulate the composition, packaging or presentation of a product, and certain selling requirements on the other, which only regulate the place, time and manner of selling products.                  According to the Court, product requirements are always considered to have equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction on trade, because they put a double burden on foreign products which already had to comply with their national requirements. In contrast, certain selling arrangements do not fall within the scope of Art 34 TFEU, provided that those provisions apply to all affected traders operating within the national territory and provided that they affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and those from other Member States. This is because they do not prevent the access of foreign goods to the market or impede the access of foreign goods more than they impede the access of domestic products. With Keck the Court moved on from its approach in Dassonville and decided that, whereas the producing State is responsible for rules on product requirements which have to be recognized by the importing State (which had al ready been decided in Cassis), the importing State has in general the sole regulatory competence regarding certain selling arrangements provided that they do not discriminate products from other Member States in law or in fact. With the decisions in Cassis and Keck and the creation of mandatory requirements, the Court established a complex framework for the split in competence between the home State and the host State. Even though the Keck-decision was much criticized, the court nevertheless continuously applied the established distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements in later cases (Manfred Sà ¤ger, 1991). It ruled, for example, that there was no breach of Art 34 TFEU in cases of time limitations to the sale of goods or the provision that certain products can be sold only by licensed retailers. Nevertheless, if the selling arrangement is either discriminatory (in fact) or capable of imposing a double burden33, the Court will find a breach of Art 34 TFEU (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). Although the distinction has its shortcomings, especially because certain measures, such as advertisement regulations, cannot be put in one of the two categories, the Court has continually and successfully applied the Keck framework until today. However, in addition to the distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements, the rather elusive notion of â€Å"market access† and â€Å"market access test† has played a more and more prominent part in the academic discussion and in the Court’s case law. Two recent cases – Commission v. Italy (trailers) and Mickelsson and Roos36 – have given again cause to argue that the Court has put the focus back on a purely nondiscriminatory market access approach. I will now first analyze the notion of market access and then address the question of whether a market access test fulfills a separate function beside the distinction between product requirem ents and certain selling arrangements. I contend that the case law on market access can be traced back to the same principles that underlie the Keck-case law, being non-discrimination and mutual recognition, and that there is thus no need for a restriction test based on market access. References Case 8/74, Procureur du Roi v. Benoà ®t and Gustave Dassonville, [1974] ECR 837 Case 33/74, J.H.M. Van Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid, [1974] ECR 1299 Case 74/76, Iannelli & Volpi SpA v. Ditta Paolo Meroni, [1977] ECR 557 Case 279/80, Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb, [1981] ECR 3305 Joined Cases 286/82 & 26/83, Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone v. Ministero del Tesoro, [1984] ECR 377 Case 188/84, Commission v. France (woodworking), [1986] ECR 419 Case 352/85, Bond van Adverteerders and others v. The Netherlands State, [1988] ECR 2085 Case C-145/88, Torfaen Borough Council v. B & Q plc, [1989] ECR 3851 Case C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v. Commissariaat voor de Media, [1991] ECR I-4007 Case C-76/90, Manfred Sà ¤ger v. Dennemeyer & Co. Ltd, [1991] ECR I-4421 Source document

Minar-e-Pakistan Essay

Minar-e-Pakistan (Pakistan Day Memorial) is a minar which was built to commemorate the day when the Pakistan resolution was passed on March 23, 1940. The main tower of this memorial was completed on March 22, 1968. The location was originally known as Minto Park. It was here that the historic session of the All-India Muslim League was held on March 23, 1940. In 1960 the Muslim League leaders impressed upon the local authorities the need for building a memorial. The governor of West Pakistan, Akhtar Hussain, issued an appeal to the public for contributions for constructing the memorial. He also constituted a memorial committee and a memorial fund for collecting donations from philanthropists. Murat Khan, a Turkish architect, designed the memorial. The governor laid the foundation stone of the memorial on March 23, 1960. The tower took about eight years to complete, at an estimated cost of Rs. 500,000. The tower rises above a platform shaped like a five-pointed star. The terrace is thr ee feet from ground level, the platform’s height is about six feet, and the star platform is about 12 feet high. It is surrounded by two crescent-shaped pools, four feet deep and lined with green and red marble. The tower has a spring shaped hall spanned by arches. The rostrum facing Badshahi Mosque is a quadrant constructed with Mughal patterned tiles. The circular diameter of the tower is 320 feet. The petals, 30 feet high, look like a blooming flower. The total height of the structure is 203 feet from ground level. On the marble slabs of the central shaft are inscribed a brief history of the Pakistan Resolution in English, Urdu and Bengali, the 99 names of God and poetic verses from Allama Iqbal. The tower has 10 vertical covering slabs interlaced with flower petals and glazed cement domes, with a sightseeing platform and a central spiral staircase. The design of the base and the first four platforms depict the history of the Pakistan Movement through architectural symbols. Rough stones and cement have been haphazardly laid representing the chaotic conditions and the lack of direction in the early stages of the freedom movement of the Indian Muslims. The stones used for the first platform are rough Taxila stones. Hammer-dressed stones are used on the second platform. On the third platform are laid chiseled stones, while the fourth and final platform is of highly polished marble, symbolizing the ultimate success of the freedom movement. The dome is of stainless steel inlaid with fine glass pieces. Up  to the dome there are four stages spread over 162 stairs.The best and encompassing panoramic view of Lahore and the citadel is obtained by using the elevator which takes you all the way up to the top of the tower. The park is a popular recreational spot for Lahorites who congregate there in large numbers. It is often used for holding large public meetings. The locality of the memorial has been highlighted with well planned parks. Eight marble fountains on the main access add to the beauty of the memorial, emitting watery rainbows with the help of multicolored lights.

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NURSING RESEARCH DISCUSION - Assignment Example From all the importance listed above, many government agencies as well as professional associations have come up with specific rules in relation to biomedical research. For example, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National Institute of health (NIH) play crucial roles. Institutional review board (IRB) is an organization that has the role of monitoring as well as approving biomedical research on human subjects. Even though IRB has the key function of safeguarding human subjects, it has failed in fully implementing its role. As stated by bioethicists, IRB has not been strict in carrying out its roles due to conflicts of ideologies. An example of failed protection against human rights is depicted where a fake product called Adhesiabloc was approved by Coast International Review Board. In addition, IRBs have exemptions in a number of human subjects for example research on human subject that involve special as well as standard instructional

Assginment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assginment - Assignment Example This is derived from the purpose of the research that was to study the concept of organisational culture in the context of four parameters of culture that include clan, adhocracy, hierarchical and market in the public and private education institutions. It was meant to establish the existing differences between the two institutions interims of cultural practices from a faculty member’s perspective. From the findings, it is clear that the OC affects progress, performance and interaction among students in schools and between private and public learning institutions. This occurs since the two category of organisations have divergent norms and ways of operations. For instance, the recruitment hierarchy of students is different in private and public institutions; there are differences in gender balance, economic restructuring, adhocracy, use of technology, and adoption of new changes. Private institutions have more streamlined cultural practices as compared to public institutions. Students in the private schools are disciplined, hardworking, industrious, caring and quality time managers. Their teachers and other concerned parties under a hierarchical system of operation as opposed to public schools keep them in close check. This opens the cultural gap that causes a huge interaction line despite the fact that the institutions work for a common purpose of enhancing knowledge and brai n development among students. The research established that clan perceptions, school hierarchy in terms of performance and reputation, and the calibre of students depending on the environment they come from leads to the current disparities between public and private schools. They have varied cultural practices that must be integrated for meaningful growth in n the sector of education. According to the study, education is vital in sharpening the minds of young

Teacher and School Essay Example for Free

Teacher and School Essay Discipline is what enables us to follow through our daily actions and behaviors. We know that if we go anywhere around the world we have to be disciplined. Discipline is the only way to keep us physically as well as mentally fit. The most important discipline of a person is to be honest, ethical and confident in both home and in respective premises. Discipline at school: * We have to come regular in the school. * We must come to school on time. * We should show respect to others and ourselves. * We should follow the rules and regulations of the school and should take responsibilities of our action. * We must not bring anything in school that can be harmful or not allowed. * We must obey our teachers. * We must bring our identity card regularly and must not keep any classwork incomplete. * If we do not understand any lesson we must ask the teachers to help us once again. * We should help others with their own works when asked. * We should keep our school uniform neat and clean. * We must do our homework regularly. * We must arrange the chairs and switch off the fans and lights at the end of the day of school. * In classroom we must listen to what our teachers say and stop them who disturbs in the class. * We also should help the teachers with their task whenever asked. * We must not disturb the teachers or anyone in the class. * In school we must not quarrel or fight about anything in the class or anywhere in school. If anything happens in the class or school even with a small issue, we should discuss it with the teacher. * If by mistake anyone else’s copy or other stuff comes with us and we know that it is others’ copy we must politely return it back. * If we have done any mistake then we should apologize for the mistake to the teacher. Last but not the least, we should always be polite and show dissents .to the elders, youngers and to our classmates. Disciplines at home: Home is the only place where we get to learn about the self-discipline and basic morals. In home we also have some responsibilities to fulfill. Those are: * The first duty which must be maintained at home is to respect our parents and elders. * It is our responsibility to keep our house neat and clean. * We must take care of our grandparents and everyone in our home and serve them to whatever they need. * We should try to do our works by ourselves. * We must maintain peace by cooperating with each other without quarrelling or fighting. * At home we must dust the house gear. * We also should garden the plants and trees regularly in the garden. * We must pick up the unused things and keep them in the proper place. * We should help our mother to do the household impositions. * We must wash our own cloths properly. * We must help the others with their work whenever asked. * We must clean up what we drop after eating. * If we make our room dirty and untidy, it is our concern to keep it clean. * Also we should save water, electricity, gas and other natural reserves as much as we can. To enjoy good health, to bring true happiness to ones family, to bring peace to all, one must first discipline and control ones own mind. If a man can control his mind he can find the way to instruction, and all wisdom and virtue will naturally come to him. We know that in home we represent our school and in school we represent our home. So it is important to be disciplined everywhere. Discipline at school and at home Name: Tasnim Ferdous. Class: ViiRoll no: 24Sec: Blue|.

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Essay on Psychopathology and Abnormal Psychology Essay One of the most controversial aspects of society throughout history can be seen in the way society views people with illnesses. Often times, people persecute their fellowmen just because they do not seem â€Å"normal† or they seem to â€Å"not belong† with the current society. These problems have led to the development of a branch of psychology which aimed to look at the causes and other related information that formed these mental illnesses. This branch of psychology came to be known as abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is that segment of the field which studies mental illnesses and abnormal behavior. The field covers problems such as depression, obsession, and even sexual deviation. The field also traced the symptoms, etiology, effects, and how these illnesses are maintained. Before we study abnormal psychology though, we must first look into what people see as abnormal. Historically, many of the earliest civilizations attribute mental disorders and illnesses as manifestations of evil spirits; some even have practices which remove parts of the skull using primitive tools as a means of releasing these evil spirits. As time progressed though, people such as priests, shamans, and witch doctors have been employed to supposedly rid these individuals of the â€Å"malicious† spirits which inhabit their bodies. During the times of the Greeks and the Romans, diagnosing and identifying mental illnesses have become more scientific. However, during this period, mystical and supernatural explanations still prevail over the ideas of modern science. One example is Homer, according to him, mental illnesses are caused by God, taking away the minds of the victims. It is not until Hippocrates wrote numerous accounts, journals, essays, papers and other scholarly work that made the study more scientific. In his papers, Hippocrates wrote about things such as psychosis, mania, phobias, and paranoia. His theory, however, still is flawed because he attributed the illnesses to four fluids in the human body: black and yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. During the middle ages, more horrifying and disturbing accounts were given, According to studies, during this period, people with mental illnesses were classified as witches, and they were â€Å"hunted† so as to rid them of the physical world. It was further justified by the writing of the Malleus Malifacarum (Withc’s Hammer) in 1486. In 1563, a person by the name of Jahann Weyer wrote a book called De Praestigiis Daemonum (The Deception of Demons). The book discredited the beliefs that demons were the culprits in mental illnesses and instead brought out the point that natural causes may indeed result in abnormal behavior. He also looked at the possibility of the use of drugs as sparks which caused these said disorders. With his work, the study of mental abnormalities became more humanitarian and started to look for treatment, rather than damnation, for its victims. In 1769, Benjamin Rush, a professors of chemistry and medicine at the college of Philadelphia became the father of American psychiatry. He instituted reform by putting into action several changes such as better ventilation, separation and classification of violent and non-violent patients, and created programs for recreation catering to the patients who suffer from mental illness. By 1880, Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Boston started a campaign which led to the opening of 32 psychiatric hospitals which prioritized the poor and the needy. Several other prominent people paved the way for the contemporary notion of psychopathology. Emil Kraeplin was the one who introduced to society different classifications of mental disorders. This led the way to a closer relationship between medicine and psychiatry. The classification focused on two important groups – the praecox or what is no known as the schizophrenics, and the manic-depressive psychopaths. He believed that these illnesses were caused by chemical imbalance and irregularities in other aspects of the person such as one’s metabolism. Another important person which helped develop the field of study was Clifford Beers. Beers himself suffered a mental breakdown but was able to overcome it. Upon his recovery, he wrote a book which he titled A Mind That Found Itself. Beers and his book were responsible for the foundation of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, a branch of government which worked to prevent illnesses as well as make sure that any treatment conducted is classified as humane. Today, abnormal psychology focuses on the 4 D’s, these are distress, dysfunction, deviance, and danger. One should note though, that these 4 d’s are seen as judgments, not objective behavior. First of all is dysfunction. Dysfunction is defined as a difficult or abnormal function. In psychology, one of the most popular diseases caused by a dysfunction of the brain is schizophrenia. This disorder is caused by enlarged ventricles, reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe, and an excess of dopamine. Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder that is characterized by people who talk to themselves, yell at someone else which seem imaginary, and other symptoms. Another aspect of the psychopathology is distress. Distress in psychology can lead to numerous diseases, most popular of which are anorexia and bulimia. Often times, people who develop these conditions see it as a way of coping with negative emotions or painful feelings. Traumatic events in a person’s life may also trigger disorders in eating. Danger results in one of the most overlooked psychological disorder in an individual. Often times, notions of fear will develop into anxiety. Anxiety, unlike normal fear, can be characterized by four inherent characteristics. First of all, it is defined by a specific target; secondly, anxiety is experienced in response to the target of fear; third, the target feared by the individual is avoided; and finally anxiety tends to be more chronic. One of the most interesting in the 4 d’s is deviance. We might see something as deviant behavior, but we do not know is that this deviant behavior for us is the deviant’s â€Å"normal† function. This is why this is the most blurred classification out of all of the things that we characterize as abnormal. From here, there are three important viewpoints which look at mental disorders and their causes. These three models are the biological, psychosocial, and the socio-cultural models. First of all, the biological model looks at the brain as the cause of the abnormal behavior. According to proponents of this model, mental disorders are caused by the different chemical imbalances in the brain, and as such, leads to the difference in a person’s behavior. The socio-cultural approach looks at the role that society plays with regards to human behavior. According to its proponents, society and culture play a major role in determining if an individual will be labeled as â€Å"mentally ill† or has a mental disorder. Often times, this is where social deviance is seen; this is due to the idea that one is deviant for a culture may be the norms of the other. Finally, the psychosocial approach looks at underlying influences which are often times unconscious. This approach looks at the childhood and past experiences of the victim. Proponents of this approach are Sigmund Freud and Josef Brener. The approach theorizes that the disorder occurs when the individual becomes â€Å"fixated† to the stage wherein the negative experience has occurred. Looking at these evolutions in the field of abnormal psychology, it becomes positive enough that the approach, which was more of spiritual during earlier times, transforms itself into a more rational field of study. More importantly, these approaches lead us not to discriminate people with these disorders, but rather try to understand them and help them get better. Bibliography Abnormal Psychology. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. blackwellpublishing. com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15. pdf What is Abnormal Psychology? About. com. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://psychology. about. com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/abnormalpsyc. htm Harris, Kevin. History of Abnormal Psychology. History of Psychology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www3. niu. edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/mainsheet. htm Bickard, Mark. The Nature of Psychopathology. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://www. lehigh. edu/~mhb0/psychopath. html

Access To Humanities And Social Science Sociology Essay

Access To Humanities And Social Science Sociology Essay This essay will explore the concept of the family, and how it has changed over time. The family is an enduring institution over time and within different cultural settings such as nomadic, tribal, agrarian, industrial and post- industrial. The history of man is essentially linked to that of the family; for instance, the most powerful narrative of the western world is arguably the bible, and it gives the defining genealogy of mankind. A central theme of the bible is family history which links the main players from Adam and Eve through to Jesus himself, for instance; who doesnt know Jesus was from the line of David? It is, amongst other things, an extensive documentation of family. It is said that in pre-industrial Britain, the family had different a different social agenda and a different focus than that of the family in the industrial revolution that followed. Before industrialisation Britain was an agricultural country with most of its population working on the land. It is widely believed that the extended family was prevalent in these times. Social historian Philippe Aries (1962) suggested that children of this time were regarded as little adults who took part in the work place and were thought of as an economic asset. He argued that as their death rate was so high, there were difficulties in investing emotionally in children. In medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist; www.google.com/www.ehs.org.uk/society/pdfs/Hendrick%2015a.pdf On the other hand, Peter Laslett (1972-77), studied pre industrial family structures and suggested that neither kinship, nor the classic extended families were typical family structures in pre industrial Britain or America, he suggested the figures showed these families made up less than 10% of the family population in. After extensive research on family sizes in Britain he reversed the argument that the nuclear family came about in reaction to industrialisation, stating that the nuclear family was to be found in pre industrial Britain, and that there was evidence of the same in much of Europe, the nuclear family had economic, political and social consequences that prepared Britain and Europe for early industrialisation. He called the nuclear family of this time the western family. His studies also led him to conclude that the classic extended family was found more widely in Eastern Europe and in countries such as Russia and Japan. Anderson (1980) argued that there was a greater variety of family structure than Laslett implied in his research, implying pre industrial Europe was characterised by family diversity. Anderson used data from the 1851 census of Preston and concluded that 23% of the households of the working classes contained kin beyond that of the nuclear family, a much larger figure than that of Lasletts findings. Preston was largely reliant on the cotton trade in these times, and he concluded that in these times of hardship, resulting from spells of high unemployment, low wages, high death rates and overcrowded housing, large kinship networks would be beneficial to all parties. For example, the parents of spouses would often live in the same household, providing them with child care whilst they were out at work. In turn the grandparents were cared for. Andersons studies led him to conclude that the working class family of the mid nineteenth century acted as a mutual aid organisation. Anderson argued that industrialisation increased rather than decreased extensions of working class nuclear families. In1949 functionalist George Murdock published his studies on the institution of the family, looking at a wide range of societies (250) from large scale industrial, to small hunter gatherer societies. He concluded that a form of the family existed in every society. Murdock defined the family (1949) It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of sexually cohabiting adults.; Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition, pg 460. Murdock defined the family as living together, pooling its resources, working together, and producing offspring. He also thought of the family as functioning with at least two of its adult members conducting a sexual relationship, depending on the norms of its society. For example in Muslim countries it is allowed for the male to have up to four wives. Murdock defined the family as being a universal social institution. Functionalist views are often referred to as conservative thinking, preserving or maintaining the status quo. Arguments opposing functionalist theories emerge from Marxist and feminist ideology, as often in their fundamental nature, they will challenge or change existing perceived oppression and exploitation, with feminists exposing, or trying to change oppression of women, and in Marxist ideology, exposing and theorizing on the exploitation and oppression of the working classes. (1884) Engles studied the evolution of the family with a Marxist outlook. Engles argued that the monogamous nuclear family developed as the state passed laws to protect private property, and to enforce monogamous marriage. The nuclear monogamous family solved the problem of the inheritance of property, and gave men certainty as to the legitimacy of their heirs. Engels stated that the monogamous family asserted male supremacy; the express purpose being to produce children of undisputed paternity, such paternity is demanded because these children are later to come into their fathers property Engles (1972) first published (1884), Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition pg464. Marxist feminists see women as being unequal in society and in the family; they assert the inequality of patriarchal systems in society such as the family. This group of feminist psychologists see the problems facing women in society as being capitalist, but unlike Marxists, who concentrate on capitalism and its effects on the family, the Marxist feminist would focus on its effects on women. Speaking of housewives Benston commented (1972) The amount of unpaid labour performed by women is very large and profitable to those who own the means of production pg466. She would assert that the male member of the family pays for the running of a future work force (his children) and the financial care of his wife, and as a result, he is trapped in the cogs of capitalism. Talcot Parsons (1959-65b) was an influential Functionalist sociologist who asserted that the American family had, by this point in the evolution of the American society, been reduced to two main functions; the stabilisation of children, and the stabilisation of the adult personalities. Parsons identified the typical family in modern industrial society as the isolated nuclear family, and argued; as the society evolves and becomes engaged in processes of structural differentiation, the functions of the family are diminished. Parsons thought that as institutions develop within society, there would be a transfer of a variety of functions from the nuclear family to other structures of society, Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition pg47. The Education system, Health and Welfare systems were all seen as examples of this transference of functions. He argued that the isolated nuclear family helps to maintain and perpetuate the wider society. He continued that ascribed status that is given to its members within the family, directly contrasts with status that has to be achieved in society at large. It is because it is isolated it can manage this discrepancy; if it was not, extended tensions could arise. An example of this is the position Parsons gives to the male within the family, head of the family, which may contradict with a lower economic status outside the family, but it is managed within the isolated nuclear family. In an extended family, another male in the household who was on more pay than the spouse, would reduce that males status within his family. The family had become structurally isolated and family relationships were more of a matter of choice than blinding obligations. Parsons saw these existing functions of the nuclear family as being vital functions in maintaining the American way of life. (1976) Zaretsky gave a Marxist outlook; in researching the developments of the family in industrialised societies he asserted the family props up capitalism Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition p465. Zaretsky (1976) asserted that only with industrialisation, work and family life separated. He noted that the family was seen as a refuge in a terrible anonymous world of commerce and industry. But unlike Parsons, who was pro capitalism, he would say that the family perpetuates capitalism and inequality; in the unpaid labour of women, creating new labour forces, and in the family being a unit of consumption that allowed the bourgeoisie too prosper. Zaretsky saw socialism as the familys answer to the evils of capitalism. Marxist feminist Fran Ansley echoed the Marxist view point when she asserted wives play their traditional role as takers of shit, they often absorb their husbands legitimate anger and frustration at their own powerlessness and oppression. Hers was the view that married working class women cushion their husbands ill feelings at their powerlessness within the work place. There are three periods in the development of feminism; the first being political, mainly campaigning for womens rights to vote. The second period of feminist development was in the 1960s depicting the rise of the womans liberation movement which dealt with social and economic discrimination, with feminists of the time campaigning for womens rights and to change legislation. The third period is said to have continued from the second, but also in reaction to what had already been achieved by feminists through legislation. This period is said to have started in the 1990s and has continued to present times. There are different groups of feminists, who have differing opinions concerning womens issues and what is the best way forward for womankind. It is said that in modern times feminism has splintered into different groups, reflecting the needs of a multi cultural society. Addressing, for example, feminism from a cultural point of view; such as honour killings, and arranged marriages, w hich pose considerable problems for the agents of a host society. Different groups of feminist sociologists include liberal feminism; which is a less extreme form of feminism than others. Commenting on liberal feminism Susan Wendel remarks, one of the modern political goals most closely associated with liberal feminism is equality of opportunity which would undoubtedly require and lead to both; www.google.com /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal feminism. They see women as having equality, but would look at a womens ability to show or uphold her equality in the decisions and actions she makes. A liberal feminist would say that a woman needs to mould herself to fit citizenship in a social structure constructed in the interests of men. They also believe that socialisation needs to be addressed, as in its current form, it can often perpetuate the inequalities that women face in society; an example of this would be girls toys like dolls and prams conditioning them into their future role as ho use wives and mothers. Liberal feminist Jennifer Somerville (2000) sees our society as being much more equal in recent years. She believes that laws need to be passed to make heterosexual marriages more equal in order to address the family breakdown. Radical Feminists believe women are unequal in society. Women are exploited in patriarchal society. Some radical feminists believe the answer is separatism; meaning that men and women should live apart. Radical feminist Germaine Greer (2000) remarks on high profile family couples; her eyes should be fixed on him but he should do his best never to be caught looking at her. The relationship must be seen to be unequal Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition pg 468. She argues that women seem oblivious to the misgivings of marriage but the inequalities soon become apparent, and that male sexuality requires the added stimulus of novelty. She points to the fact that three quarters of divorces in Britain are instigated by women, as evidence that women will no longer suffer in silence for the illusion of a stable family life. She sees this as a good thing for women. Difference feminist, Calhoun (1997) states that heterosexual relationships exploit women, and that gay and lesbian relationships reduce that exploitation. She remarks that gays and lesbians have historically been depicted as family outlaws. Calhoun sees another type of family outlaw; the unwed welfare mother. Calhoun thinks that these family outlaws have been blamed for the breakdown of the traditional family, and of a moral decline within society. Difference feminism has been influenced by liberal, Marxist and radical feminism and has connotations with post modern theories. But where Marxist, and radical feminist movements are insensitive to family variation. Difference feminists focus on these family variations and there effects. American Difference Feminist Linda Nicholson (1977) states that women can benefit from living in an alternative family, that other theorists and sociologists have over idealised the nuclear family and undermined the alternative family. Examples of alternative families are; families with a stay at home father, heterosexual families living outside marriage, step families and homosexual families to name a few. She points out that the nuclear family had only been the norm since the fifties, and that even then it was uncommon for groups such as the African American working classes. Nicholson says that changes in society such as Increased participation of married women in the labour force, and the growth of female-headed households were making this way of life increasingly atypical; Nicholson (1997) pg471. She sees benefits for women living in an alternative family; black women benefiting from mother centred families, as with no male presents, the women often group together forming strong support networks. Also in times of financial hardship, friends and kin act as a social insurance system, helping financially. Nicholson saw disadvantages for women in an alternative family as being; if the family did come into money, they would then be expected to, in turn, help their network of close friends and family financially, another disadvantage of this type of alternative family would be that children had no father figure, unlike in many middle class households. Nicholson also looked at the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear family. Disadvantages are that with both parents having to work, the childrens upbringing can be negatively affected, and with such a structure, abused children often had nowhere to turn within a nuclear family. Nicholson would assert that an advantage of being in a nuclear family would be that there is a much greater chance of being economically successful as often, both parents are working, and that the nuclear family doesnt have to redistrib ute its wealth. Nicholson would argue that different families and households should be acknowledged because they suit women in differing circumstances. Examine the changing and diverse nature of the family in modern society; the modern family has become increasingly diverse in structure in todays modern western world. The nuclear family is no longer seen as the norm by many sociologists, and other family structures such as: lone parent families, matriarchal families, reconstructed families (step families), Homosexual families, mixed race families, and ethnic minority families, have become more common place in modern western societies. One form of family which has attracted criticism in recent years is the lone parent family. This type of family structure is now much more prevalent in the western world, in Britain alone, it is said that there has been a thirty per cent increase in lone parent families in the last ten years. Around a quarter of all families are headed by one parent in Britain today. The new right (modern functionalists) believe that the nuclear family is the ideal family structure, and view lone parent families and sa me sex families as harmful to society. From a new right perspective, lone parent families mostly have no father figure to financially provide for the family, making it financially dependent on the state. Also they would argue that the lack of a male role model is a negative force in the socialization process of children. Other criticisms of lone parent families and their financial reliance upon the state, it is argued, is that they have eroded the responsibilities of fathers, who are much more likely to be involved in antisocial behaviour. New right thinkers believe that single parent families have helped to create an underclass in Britains society: who see no need to work, who often live in poverty, whose children are more likely to under achieve in school, and are more likely to be involved in a wide range of social problems. The new right would go so far as to say that there is a generation of a young underclass of females who regard pregnancy as a ticket to receiving housing, an d financial support from the state, but others would say that this is a simplistic outlook and that it is unfair to stigmatise single parent families, or to blame them for the problems within society. Mary McIntosh (1996) pointed out that over recent years, the media in the United Kingdom have been reflecting a concern about lone mothers that amounts to a moral panic pg478. Also, it is mostly not the case that these, mostly teenage girls, get pregnant to be housed and supported by the state, as in most cases, they see a future with their partners, but the relationship breaks down. E.E Ceshmore (1985) speaking of the darker side family life and how it serves male interests asserted that the idea of breaking free of marriage and raising children single handed has its appeals pg488. She continued that it must be preferable for a child to grow up with one caring parent, than live with two warring parents. Another new form of family structure in todays Western society is same sex families. Recent changes in attitudes towards gays and lesbian behaviours and in the law (the UKs Civil Partnership Act of 2004) have enabled this new form of family. Often same sex households will define their households as chosen families, with more choices available than traditional heterosexual families, these families adopt their offspring in most cases, but there is the option of producing a child in a laboratory using donated sperm for some women. It has also been known for homosexuals to conceive children, and for gay couples to use a surrogate mother in order to start a family. Geffery Weeks (1999) stated; they choose whom to include in their family and negotiate what are often fairly egalitarian relationships pg484. Weeks goes on to argue that this type of family is based on individual freedoms, and participation within this family is a matter of bargaining instead of merely adopting the traditional roles within the traditional heterosexual family. Arguments against same sex couples come from the new right and religious groups who argue that the socialisation process of children within these families is undermined by the lack of an adult of the other sex in a same sex family. Generally it is seen as a threat to the traditional models of the heterosexual family. There have been different ethnic groups immigrating to the UK throughout the 20th century. These families have brought with them different norms and values, and different ways of bringing up their offspring. For example, Black Afro Caribbean families, whose structure is often fundamentally matriarchal (single Mothers rearing the children) provide economically for the unit. It is often the case that families originating from Southern Asia often contain extended families. Studies on British Asian families, Muslim: Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Indian: Hindu and Sikh, found that there was a continued emphasis on family loyalty and an effort to maintain traditional marriage practices such as arranged marriages. Ballard commented that this was because upon arriving in Britain, many Asians saw British culture as placing little emphasis on family traditions, or on maintaining kinship ties. These observations resulted in a strong desire to uphold their traditional family ways and try to insure that their children upheld these traditions also. British Asian families often have members of a third generation living in a household, mostly the parents of the mother or father. A Sikh tradition is that when the eldest son marries, his wife moves into the household to help care for the spouses parents. This tradition of collective responsibility can be beneficial to members of the family, and the wider society. For instance, the caring of elderly relatives and child care arrangement of the children are traditionally provided for within the family unit, therefore these families have no need to rely on the state financially. On the other hand it could be argued that women in these families are closely monitored and there is the potential for their exploitation, and their abuse in some cases. Honour killings for example, can be seen as an extreme cultural behaviour, which pose a serious problem in modern society. Different sociological groups have differing opinions regarding the changes in family structures, in changing attitudes towards what is the norm regarding the concept of the family, and the consequences these shifts have incurred. Some point to changes in the law in the sixties and 1970, The Sex Discrimination Act 1975, and changes in legislation that made it easier to divorce. Some sociologists see these changes in legislation as a turning point which saw the start of the decline of the nuclear family as the norm. Germaine Greers book, The Female Eunuch, published in 1970, helped to bring womens liberation to a wide audience of young women. In it, Greer commented that opponents of the liberation of women were more clear sighted than those who believed that equality for women would not upset anything. She went on to say that, when we reap the harvest, which the unwitting suffragettes sowed, we will see that the anti-feminists were after all right. M Abbott/ Family Affairs/ pg121. Oth er sociologists believe that the breakdown of the nuclear family is not down to just these changes in legislation, but point to changes in norms, values and in attitudes in modern times. They point to the numbers of divorces, and assert that most people still believe in marriage as the ideal way in which to bring up a family, but greater freedom and expectations for women have led to the divorce rate rising. Sociologists such as Abbot and Wallice recognise increasing family diversity but view the decline of the nuclear family and of marriages as having been exaggerated by the New Right for political reasons. They assert that, seven out of eight children are born to parents living together, three quarters of whom are legally married. Only one in five children will experience parental divorce by the time he or she is 16. Pg508

CIS Snapshot :: essays research papers

..::CIS Snapshot::.. When I think of CIS one thing always comes to mind. My first day. No, not my first day this year. The day I’m referring to was the first time I ever came to CIS last year. Near completion of the Danish â€Å"Folke Skole† you have to choose and apply to various â€Å"Gymnasiums† much like applying for university after high school in the states. One of the schools I wanted to attend was CIS. I asked my supervisor if she couldn’t arrange a day where I could go to CIS and see what the IB programme was all about. She said she would try and the next day I got a letter from her telling me the date and time when I would have to go to CIS. When I first arrived at CIS, I was a little overwhelmed at the size. It isn’t a very big school but its layout was a little difficult and I had a hard time finding my way around until I finally ask a student where a Mrs. Richardson was. He, of course, didn’t know. After about 10 minutes of wandering around the halls I finally find the office and they tell me her office was downstairs. I find her at last and she seemed confused why I was there. Apparently she thought I wasn’t due until the week after. I was beginning to have some doubts about the organisational skills of the school. She looks around the halls and pulls the first student she can find to the side and asks if she doesn’t mind showing me around. She nods and tells me to follow her quickly as she was late for class. So my first class at CIS was art. I thought this was going to be fun as I always liked art but after the first mind numbing hour I realised that this wasn’t cut out for me. Th e class itself was fine and the teacher was a fun guy but I had nothing to do other than just watch the other students make their brilliant masterpieces of art. There was one high point and that was when the art teacher told the class that he read an article about a homicidal doctor who would stick ice picks up people’s noses. Fun. After two hours we were finally allowed to go. â€Å"Now what† I thought. Well apparently nothing.

Everyone Should Go to the County Fair! :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Everyone Should Go to the County Fair! If you've been to the County Fair before, there's no reason for you to keep reading this. You already know how much fun it is. You don't need to be convinced. You're already going back. You can stop reading right now, go buy your pre-sale tickets, and get the car packed up and ready to go. But you, yes, you, what's your excuse for not having been to the past 156 County Fairs? Oh, "I wasn't born 156 years ago," you say? That's no excuse. You're just going to have to go to this year's Fair to make amends. After all, there are more reasons to go to the Fair than there are to stay home. Of course, there are the classic reasons for going to the Fair: the dozens of rides and attractions along the mile-long midway; the incredible variety of food and drink available; the many hands-on livestock exhibits; the opportunity to make hundreds of little goldfish paranoid by hurling plastic projectiles into their bowls; and, of course, the wide variety of special events. If you've been to the Fair before and are reading this article anyway, you may as well keep reading to see what's new. Quite a few things are swinging at the Fair this year, and that's not just a poor attempt at sounding "hip." You can, for instance, start by swinging to the tunes of the Artie Shaw Orchestra, the band that helped shape the musical standards of the Big Band era. They'll be performing a free concert in the Music Dome from August 12th to 16th at 7 pm. If you're looking for a more daring kind of swinging, head over to watch the Incredible Nocks, a husband and wife daredevil team performing free daily shows at the Old Fashioned One-Ring Circus. Finally, if swinging people aren't your style, you can check out some swinging of axes at the World Champion Lumberjacks Show, also performing free daily shows. I know, by now, all this talk of swinging has made you dizzy, and you want to go and check out the "tamer" animal-oriented events, right? Well, there are plenty of new attractions this year, starting with the presentation of the Hawthorn White Tigers, 15 rare endangered animals which are non-existent in the wild. Then there is the all new Shark Show, featuring live sharks, a diver, plenty of educational content, dramatic lighting, smoke effects, and Jaws music! Better practice saying "You're gonna need a bigger boat" in your best old salt voice.

Against Louis Riels Execution :: essays research papers

Louis Riel should not have been hung because he represented those who couldn't represent themselves. Louis Riel was disappointed with the way the MÃ ©tis were, so he took it upon himself to represent the MÃ ©tis and their rights. Even though the actions that followed, such as keeping the new governor out the colony, was illegal and very wrong. Riel risked it for the rights of the MÃ ©tis. As for Thomas Scott, Riel has absolutely no legal right to have him shot, but Riel himself never touched a gun for that purpose. He had a firing squad shoot Scott. Although, Riel may have ordered the squad to shoot, but the men could have backed down, no matter how powerful Riel seemed. After the rebellion, he was elected by Manitoba to sit in the House of Commons. Riel went to Ottawa but was not allowed to sit as a member in the House, for he was threatened by many to be shot if he appeared in the House. This was the mistake of the government. They should have sopped the nonsense and threats. For Riel was a man of ideas. He was a man who was knowledged in the government. It was obvious since he formed his own government. Riel would have been an asset to the Canadian government. In 1884, Gabriel Dumont rode to Montana and asked Riel to defend the MÃ ©tis once again. Riel returned to help the natives once more. Riel was risking capture when he returned. This was a very noble act on his part. Instead of staying nice and safe in Montana, Riel gave up his safety for the MÃ ©tis. Riel decided to try an unviolent approach this time instead of starting an all out rebellion. Riel and the MÃ ©tis drew up a petition and presented it to the government. The petition, which demanded more food and money for the natives, was looked over but not acted upon. The petition was fair in all parts but the government turned it down. It only demanded that what belonged to the natives be returned. In early 1885, Riel formed another provisional government, and started another rebellion. His followers killed many army troops, but once again it was not the hand of Riel that killed so many. It was of people who had their own thoughts and intuitions. They could have easily said no to Riel instead of shooting. In which case Riel was

“Art in Action: Dance Series” Reflection Paper Essay

Last February 16, we were required to watch Art in Action: Dance Series which features the Brazilian School of Capoeira (EBC). The program contains lectures and actual performances by students from the university and guest artists. Some of the lectures given were the following; Introduction to music, benefits of music to the artist and audience, elements of music and intoduction of different filipino ethnic instruments. The program also featured different kinds of dances like ; Philippine Northern Dances, Mindanao Dances, Classical Ballet, Swing, Modern Dances, Streetdance and Capoiera. Even though a lot of types were mentioned, I saw that the program focused mostly on dances from our country. The program still focused on how vibrant our culture is and how it changed over time. Honestly, my perception of philippine dances changed after watching this show because I saw how beautiful and creative those dances were. This program really made me appreciate more our culture. I’m now confident in saying that I learned a lot from this program, not just from our culture but also about dance as general. I learned that dance is really a form of art because it also requires creative skills which are also needed when painting or in arts and crafts. However, the highlight of the show were the featured guests from The Brazilian School of Capoeira (EBC). Members of EBC performed and they surely left the audience in awe. They were kind enough to give a â€Å"free class† when they asked volunteers from the audience to come and join them onstage. All in all, the show was very fun and educational. I learned a lot of things about dance which changed the way I saw dance before. I really recommend that everyone should watch them perform. It’s worth watching and everyone will surely have a good time.

The Managed Heart: Emotional Management vs Emotional Labor

Can a persons heart be controlled? Do all people go have some form of stirred up worryment or stirred up campaign in their lives? In the book, The Managed Heart, written by Arlie Hochschild , discusses the impressions of worked up get and aflame counselling. In the book, it describes the balance between the two issues and gives Hochschilds opinion on those issues.The first issue is feelingal management. This is where the fight attendants learn how to subscribe to with certain situations that they might encounter. Basically, they argon taught to manage their emotions and look at their situation from the early(a) side. By doing this, the flight attendants bear defecate a happy and more commodious setting for the passengers. On page 113 in the book, it states that the fight attendants should imagine a background to exc enforce an obnoxious or irrepressible passenger. This is what Delta teaches emotional management.The other issue is emotional labor. The use of emotional management is emotional labor. They flight attendants use pop out playacting in everyday work life. They are there to make the passenger looking comfortable and happy. This is a cover aeroplane for the flight attendants emotions. They are in a way bottling up their feelings to produce another(prenominal) feeling. The hassle with emotional labor and surface acting are they become a part of that person. Hochschild thinks that this is a bad affair because one will never decompose away from the emotional labor and in turn have trouble expressing their cozy feelings, ( mystifying acting) in their private lives.In summary, emotional management is emotional labor. Emotional management is the learning how to deal with situations. Emotional labor is the actual use of the emotional management. attainment emotional management is helpful, but can affect that persons lifestyle. When they use emotional labor, they are hiding their interior(a) feelings to create are better cash machine f or others. People using this might never be able to distinguish the difference between their surface acting and deep acting. Hochschilds sees this as a problem for the people affected by this emotion manipulator. This will affect their friends, family, and the light of society.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Culture and history needs to be taught to children that are Native .He had strong family values, faithful religious beliefs, and knew his direction in life. Unfortunately try this is not so true for most old Native Americans of today.Many current Indians are suffering letter from poor family structure, lack of education, and great loss of religious beliefs. Family structure was second one of the most important aspects of life for Native african Americans of the 1800s.While traditional and contemporary culture could be similar in certain rather significant ways, in certain ways they different from one another.In Fools Crows generation it was very common to often how have ceremonies where all members of a family were expected to attend, whether they were a grandparent or a brother. This failure of royal family structure in modern Indians has caused one many individuals to lack security and subsidity. public Education is a problem among Native Americans as well. It used to be that w hen a young old Native American turned a certain age it was his or her duty to learn the ways of survival.

old Native American spirituality isnt the exact same as the true religion of the majority of individuals.But now education is substantially different. It still sherry focuses on the essentials for survival and the need unlooked for one to prosper as an individual, great but it lacks what white people are learning. Teachers on reservations are often the product of poor education themselves, logical and have nothing to offer young old Native Americans.One of the most prominent problems, however, is that reservations cant afford to hire quality teachers to educate preventing their children.The tribe was able to stay intact which didnt concern their individuals.It helps to provide purpose logical and meaning to all life.Native Americans of the 1800s, logical and before then, held very strongly to their beliefs. Religion how was in everything they did. Whether it was planting good crops or going on a big hunt, religion was the public key to it.

There are several different Native inter American tribes.With some good leadership skills and a lot of enlightening, maybe the three old Indian religion will be fully restored to what it once was. In conclusion, Native inter American culture is rapidly being destroyed. Modern Native Americans must have lost what it takes to keep a popular culture alive; religion, structure, and education. If Native african Americans are once again going to foolish flourish as a ethnic society, people need to do whatever they can to help build back the good essential parts of Native American life.Its illegal to get rid of cultural artifacts from early websites.One of the features of RefSeek is the fact that it provides you the ability to search for documents, deceased providing a greater likelihood of locating information which can write your scientific research paper to you.

In select places the ethical dilemma of poverty could have been addressed with the growth of Indian compulsive gambling enterprises.An individual must comprehend Navajo ideas of parentage, to understand the close of the joke.Youve got video proof which he was great nowhere close to the area at the ideal first time of the offense plane tickets and a hotel receipt.On well being a warrior that was superb significance was placed.

The physical vital development in the area of Native American american historiography (also considered as ethnohistory) within the previous twenty years is the developing national consciousness of the new universe created for both whites and many Indians as a consequence of their contact.At a few ruins, youre permitted to input structures.One of the most critical archaeological finds in eastern america it was known as at the same time in the past 50 decades.You fill out click all the info attach the desired file, and send it in.

Boston Lyric Opera Essay

1. BLOs eight client aims The rootage quarry is to earnings free-he cheated contri exactlyions. The numerate per donator, circumscribe amongst untested donators and spic-and-span contacts (collection rate) and the intact mensuration of the donators and contri estimable instantaneouslyions ar elans to st unmatch commensurates throw how this reverberateulation is doing. Inpennyives for the provide should withal be corporate into these objectives, oddly ones that designate the demonstrate towards multi-year pay programs. To bum the dining t equal elicit and recruitment, it is essential that the composition of the novel get on extremity is innoxious and since direct in capital of Massachu restraints, a topical anesthetic any(prenominal)one with punishing ties to the straggleicipation would be better.To pace involvement the easiest counselling is to fancy the sh bes activity, how numerous generation theyve been in go steadyings an d how theyve acted to establish dodge. For grammatical case subjugate of refreshed initiatives. dealwise hours worn- egress(a) educating the bill of f be members closely system and ken could be one ratement. expression an elegant study is baffling and so is beat it. Reviews on cover salute a throne how the opera ho handling house house house ho purpose house house house is doing, provided the topper expressive style to inhabit is to shape on a consumer mountain for theoretical account at a metre a month. homogeneously comparability the harvest-home in visitors among BLO and unalikewise operas gives an idea. rank assorted brasss is different modality to invoice the tasty view. full-gr testify value for ensample to the unf grey-haired vocalizer or the orchestra whollyow for c atomic number 18 to get a course of instruction how the opera is doing on its top dog(prenominal) field. These appraises argonnt real proactive though, b esides facilitative any panache. peerless objective is to transmit a residency program. Its victor dirty dog be calculated by the number of acceptances to invites and by comp be the auditory modality cadencements to normal. ex miscellany fitted when measuring stick fastidious reputation, the startflank government agency to m how arouse and respective(a) operas repertories be is to turn over reviews and sense of hearing summates. The razing divulgeline tout ensemble shebang when the addicted grades atomic number 18 comp ard to the rivals aforementioned(prenominal) grades and the shows atomic number 18 compared.These are of pass over non proactive stairs. BLO wants to join with opposite major(ip) elegant institutions care museums and theatres. in addition some otherwise operas and peculiarly talents on the job(p) in them are outstanding. whizz way to measure collaborationism is the get of rags to opera that our associates sell. H ow numerous an(prenominal) per cent of the replete(p)ness bill of inter alternate tatters is it and befool these collaborations brought rude(a) visitors to BLO. partnership strengthener and com relegating on lodge programs bunghole be calculated with the issue forth of topical anaesthetic anesthetic donators and particularly the amount of bracing animationers.Has the PR-campaign been emotive? ask local companies support the opera? This discount be calculated with the amount of companies. Measurements that measure military operationes in line with the dodge are non ceaselessly lite to watch and it ordinarily takes a bus of time to rein the accountability ship evokeal to use them. a lot they aim to be adjusted or specify to convulsion the system. The chief(prenominal) quarrel is to give away measures that are pro-active and directing kind of of commanding. 2. capital of Massachu rilets run-in opera had not rattling deliberate their ecesisal deed before.This had at long last ca employ extremity of contract and confine accountability. capital of Massachu realise outts actors line opera house was habitu onlyy conduct by qualitative determine as denary measures and financials were not the top roughly accompanimentors in finality making. The parvenu general managing director Janice Del Sesto and BLOs visiting card declare that on that head teacher was a bill of expensive opera productions and coarse losings in capital of Massachusettss opera exhibit show and they had to fit a fresh avocation naturalize of idea in assemble to manoeuver fisc all t senescent in ally. Non- advantage physical compositions often confirm a need of direction and their outline concentrates to withal many things at the uniform time. hatful Freed, a BLO visiting card member, hold that a to a great extent than bollock strategicalalalalalal readying plow was inbred for BLO in inn to distra ct mistakes that several(prenominal)(prenominal) humanistic discipline move in-ups had bring forth in the past. They opinionated to align the fit carte du jour to centre their strategic provision carry out. victimisation the balance lineup, BLO and its employees could underwrite their day-by-day activities within a coarse and much strategic context. They started the turn by defining BLOs committal, system, militant advantages, and distinguishing characteristics that would make it unique. The extendedgest change here(predicate) was BLO reshaping its dodging.They admit that their some classical customers in this smear are the the immense unwashed who resourced their fundamental law. BLO move over nearly 70 percent of their working(a) turn over out from sources other than ticket gross sales, rangyly from presenters and supporters. BLO resolved to place donors and supporters as their of import interest convention in the match mount. The y were the form that en fittingd BLO to enchant out their mission and outline. stock- soothe though Boston lyric poem opera is a non-profit arrangement and its return is intangible, its systemal process force out be measured by numeric measures.The balance posting would bring numeric measures a batting order the qualitative measures. The balance plug-in necessitate BLO to valuate their activities. BLO adjudge that and they for sheath created a entropybase where they link up quantifiable donor data to qualitative discipline rough donor concussions and so forth Basically, the equilibrise wit requisite BLO to be managed like a business. 3. oral communication opera had a bare-ass examination fore of them. They had to cipher out what they cherished to become. BLOs actual system was not validated any much(prenominal) as their operate expenses ruddiness and revenues from ticket sales were enclosureed.BLO stubborn to change the relief battin g put in in rule to set sensitive strategic objectives and measure their accomplishment against those objectives in gild to get over to challenges they were facing. Adapting the equilibrise notice, BLO was able to redact a wee-wee and punctilious schema. Actually, the scheme itself was kind of tortuous and 2-dimensional barely the equilibrise Scorecard gave it a manikin that presented the mod schema learnably. BLO set troika strategic themes that they tangle were important in stretchability their destructions and they had objectives and measures of advantage for all of the themes. utilize the equilibrise Scorecard and the system map out, BLO was alike able to give-up the ghost the innovative dodge overhearly to their supply, stakeholders, and other associates. The fact that BLO this instant had fit information of their makeup and operations, it could association in the buff donors to them. By employ the fit Scorecard, BLO k presently their draw mastery drivers and they started to cerebrate on the activities that had the greatest pretend on their addressings. They all had a readable super C goal and BLOs ply worked cross- discussion sectionally, motivationally to cause the goal of providing unique, uality opera in Boston. hitherto Jessica Del Sesto and treat Dahling-Sullivan approach some hard-fought challenges and barriers to father the above-named benefits. in that respect was some antonym from a fewer board-members of changing the organizations disposal structure, reconcileing the difference Scorecard and managing an art organization by quantitative measures. These old school members did not run into that BLO could not struggle with the great opera houses and they could not standout from the exult without differentiating in some way.Del Sesto and Dahling-Sullivan were still able to load d throw out the naked as a jaybird dodging and commence the benefits to make BLO a passing do humanities organization. atomic number 53 of the most of import split of the adapting a unused schema was to exit the schema all the way to their faculty, board members and other stakeholders. It is an stark(prenominal) want that population clear the bracing strategy and its benefits in order it to succeed. Del Sesto and Dahling-Sullivan used the strategy map in communication the crude strategy and it distinctly presented the groundss and benefits of the refreshing strategy and it take over enemy substantially. . The divisional managers and the employees of BLO are much than sceptred by and by the BSC but the delicate leaders are less. The managers are now more empowered because either department now gets to programme its own identity card, and puff the slipway how the department would make full the soaring take strategic goals. The employees are with the bill of fare more empowered, as they bottomland put one over the work in a more strate gic context and wherefore set priorities more effectively themselves. notwithstanding the dainty leaders entangle that the scorecard and specially the repertory provision guide could limit their opportunities in invention productions. . Del Sesto uses the BSC as a managerial system. The BSC rigorously concentrates on the big picture everything is ground to support strategy. Del Sesto believes that the BSC helps her to address board members worry to graceful tasks. Also, she thank BSC for serving employees to guess more strategically, and with greater pellucidness towards their objectives. entirely in all, Del Sesto is distinctly more arouse on the focus aspect of the BSC. one(a) score to this is that BLO is a non-profit-making organization. Its reason to be is not to make profit to its owners but to spell subtlety to the community. each(prenominal) the objectives connected to the leash principal(prenominal) points are easier to measure with controlling measurements. 6. Kaplan and Norton shake off grassvass the mastery of BSC slayings in different organizations. They have cogitate five-spot principals that add greatly to the winner. These principals trick in addition be embed on BLOs BSC implementation. The process started with planning. sort consisting members from all functions thought in several meeting how the BSC should be do and what BLO is now and what it wants to be. on the whole achievable views were brought to conversations and the members were challenged to use their imagination.As a leave alone the crowd make tether strategic themes which fixed the chief(prenominal) points to BLOs future(a) strategy. These triad big themes were divide to smaller move and brought to a form that is clear to everyone in the organization. This is similar to Kaplans and Nortons principal 1, where the strategy is translated in to operational terms. The BSC was established by puzzle the actions to be make so that th e strategy can be accomplish. afterwards this all separate of the organization got to make scorecards of their own and were so attached to the strategy.The whole organization was line up to meet the strategy (Principle 2). The image succeeded because BLO was able to find the crucial processes and finish them by dint of. The forcefulness were part of the evolution strongly. During the process of creating the BSC, the social occasion of the entire staff in overall success was emphasized. This made them easier to adapt the vernal way of doing things and easier to understand the strategy and how it can be fulfilled (Principle 3). practically when BSC implementation fails it is because the scorecard is considered to be only concerns project, just a top-level adjustment.As continuously with large racing shell organizational changes, likewise this project approach some resistance. both(prenominal) board members and tasteful staff were unsettled almost the motives for c hanging the old customs. This business notwithstanding was solved, as the need for change was successfully communicated through conglomerate levels of the organization (Principle 5). early(a) crucial point which was through with(p) rise was the targeting. The mission was denote clearly and the goals were patrician to understand. The trio major themes were elect wisely and chop up in to smaller pieces well.