Prepare a research proposal for a research project in the area of Dissertation

Prepare a research proposal for a research project in the area of management (including accounting, finance and management scien - Dissertation Example Job Descriptions are lists of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Job Analysis is necessary for all the functions of Human Resources and better performance in these areas lead to Organizational Development, so we can say that Job Analysis directly, indirectly or eventually leads to Organizational Development. Organization Development (OD) is defined as the process of improving organization. The process is carefully planned and implemented to benefit the organization, its employees and its stakeholders. The current study is at Nestle. This study is conducted to show the significance of Job Analysis for organization development. The reason behind choosing this topic is that I have interest in this topic. This was the most significant criteria for me. Doing the thesis needs a lot of time and the quality of life will be enhanced if these hours are utilized pleasingly. Moreover, the quality of research, writing, and arguments will be much better if I feel genuine passion for my work. This research would be beneficial both for University (name your college/university) and Nestle as it would improve the relations. These professional relationships can help Nestle to hire best talent from (name of your college/university) as their talented human resources. LITERATURE REVIEW: Job Analysis is the systematic process of determining the skills, duties and knowledge required for performing the jobs in an organization (Mondey & Noe, 2006). Traditionally it is an essential and pervasive human resource technique and the starting point for other human resource activities. In today’s rapidly changing work environment, organizations extensively rely on Job Analysis practices in order to enhance Organizational Development. New jobs are being created and old jobs are being redesigned and eliminated. Organizations that want to develop tailor jobs according to changing needs and thus Job Analysis is reviewed. In 1991, Ronald, Lawrence, & Goldberg discussed Job Analysis as the systematic procedure of collecting and analyzing information about jobs. Job Analysis consists of two elements: a Job Description and Job Specification. A Job Description is a written description of the activities that have to be performed. Generally, a Job Description also contains information about tools and equipment used in the job and about the working conditions. So job descriptions specify the job content and the job context. The Job Specification indicates which specific skills, competences, knowledge, capabilities and other physical and personal attributes one must have to perform the job successfully. An acronym that is used to describe which types of attributes are referred to in job analysis is KSAO: Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Others characteristics (Ronald, Lawrence, & Goldberg, 1991). Job Analysis has been one of the most useful tools for gathering information and developing content valid and legally defensible selection procedures for a wide variety of jobs (Harvey, 1991). When job analysis is used for building the human potential and it is analyzed and reviewed according to the changing requirements of the organization it finally leads to organizational development. DeSimone & Werner (2006) defines organizational

Distraction Plate Fixation Post-Procedure Essay Example for Free

Distraction Plate Fixation Post-Procedure Essay Type III compression injuries o Require operative treatment if ? Intraarticular damage is significant ? Radial shortening is severe o Fixation with multiple Kirschner wires or plates is often necessary, and cancellous bone grafting is frequently required to fill impacted areas. Often a combination of open and closed techniques is necessary to satisfactorily treat type III fractures. Type IV avulsion fractures o Are usually associated with radiocarpal fracture-dislocations and are therefore unstable o Often the avulsed fracture fragments are so small that they can be repaired only with suture. o Secure reduction of the carpus to the distal radius can frequently be achieved only with Kirschner wires. Type V high-velocity fractures o Always unstable, frequently open, and difficult to treat o A combination of percutaneous pinning and external fixation is often necessary. Many of these fractures are so severely comminuted that open reduction is impossible. †¢ CONTRAINDICATIONS Severe medical comorbidities that prevent surgery EQUIPMENT †¢ †¢ †¢ Hand tray and hand table Small fragment and mini fragment set Technique-specific tray, as required ANATOMY †¢ The distal radius and ulna may be divided into three distinct columns. o The lateral and medial columns correspond to the scaphoid facet and lunate facets, respectively, of the distal radius. o The medial column is further divided into dorsomedial and volar medial parts. The ulnar column consists of the ulnar styloid and triangular fibrocartilage complex. ? ? Tears of the triangular fibrocartilage occur when the medial column of the distal radius, ulnar styloid, or both are intact. Distal radioulnar joint instability is associated with significant displacement of the ulnar styloid. TECHNIQUES †¢ †¢ †¢ Post-Procedure: Distraction Plate Fixation Post-Procedure: Volar Buttress Plate Fixation (Ellis) Post-Procedure: Volar Plating of Intraarticular Compression Injuries (Medoff) Post-Procedure: Distraction Plate Fixation POST-PROCEDURE CARE †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Immediately begin finger and other joint upper extremity exercises. If a splint was applied, it should be removed at 3 weeks. Percutaneous Kirschner wires should be removed at 6 weeks. Activities of daily living are allowed, but lifting should be restricted to 5 lb. Once union is achieved, remove the distraction plate and begin range-of-motion exercises. COMPLICATIONS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Median nerve injury Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Malunion, nonunion Tendon rupture Infection ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Studies have demonstrated a high percentage of good to excellent outcomes for distraction plate fixation. OUTCOMES AND EVIDENCE Ruch et al reported good to excellent outcomes in 90% of 22 patients using this technique. Procedure: Distraction Plate Fixation Post-Procedure: Volar Buttress Plate Fixation (Ellis) POST-PROCEDURE CARE †¢ Immobilize the wrist and forearm with a plaster sugar tong splint for 2 weeks. †¢ †¢ Next, use a removable ball-peen splint, permitting gentle active exercises two or three times a day for the next 2 weeks. All immobilization is removed at 4 weeks and progressive motion continued until union is solid. COMPLICATIONS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Median nerve injury Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Malunion, nonunion Tendon rupture Infection ANALYSIS OF RESULTS The use of buttress plating for the treatment of distal radius fractures have proven to yield excellent results when surgical intervention occurs early and care is used to obtain anatomic reduction of the fracture. OUTCOMES AND EVIDENCE †¢ †¢ Smith et al: 100% union rate with 71% excellent, 18% good, and 11% fair results. Odumala et al: No difference in development of median nerve symptoms in patients treated with prophylactic carpal tunnel decompression compared with those without decompression. Procedure: Volar Buttress Plate Fixation (Ellis) Post-Procedure: Volar Plating of Intraarticular Compression Injuries (Medoff) POST-PROCEDURE CARE †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Keep the extremity elevated at all times until postoperative swelling subsides. Beginning on the first postoperative day, remove the splint 2 to 3 times a day for rangeof- motion exercises. Allow clerical work at 2 weeks. Resistive loading is allowed when signs of radiographic union appear. COMPLICATIONS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Median nerve injury Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Malunion, nonunion Tendon rupture Infection ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Studies have demonstrated a high percentage of good to excellent outcomes for the Medoff system. OUTCOMES AND EVIDENCE Medoff reported 20 good to excellent results in 21 patients with intraarticular comminuted distal radial fractures treated with the TriMed Wrist Fixation System (TriMed, Valencia, Calif. ). Procedure: Volar Plating of Intraarticular Compression Injuries (Medoff) PRE-OPERATIVE AND POST OPERATIVE CARE Care of Pre-operative Patient Nursing Diagnosis Knowledge deficit R/T pre-op care. Expected Outcome Patient/parent will verbalize understanding of pre- post-op care. Nursing Intervention 1. Implement pre- post-op teaching program. 2. Document response. 1. Remove nail polish, make-up. 2. Bathe and shampoo the night before surgery. 3. Betadine scrub to surgical area. 4. Dress in hospital clothing after scrub. 1. NPO as ordered. 2. Sign at bedside; NPO sticker on patient. Potential aspiration R/T general No aspiration. anesthesia. 3. Re-emphasize importance of NPO to patient and parent; empty water pitcher and glass from bedside; check crib for bottles. 1. Explain procedures. 2. Provide time for patient/parent to ask questions, express fears or concerns. . Offer reassurance. Potential alteration of vital functions R/T surgery. Normal parameters for patients vital signs established. 1. Obtain baseline assessment of all systems ; N/V status within 8 hours pre-op. Potential infection R/T surgical procedure. Infection free post-op. Potential anxiety R/T surgery. Decreased anxiety. 2. Assess V. S. within 2 hours pre-op. Care of Post-operative Patient Nu rsing Diagnosis Knowledge deficit R/T post-operative care. Expected Outcome Patient and family will verbalize and demonstrate understanding of postoperative care. Patient and family will cope effectively with surgical postoperative process. Nursing Intervention 1. Implement post-operative teaching program. 2. Document response. 1. Explain procedures. 2. Provide time for questions, expression of concerns and fears. 3. Offer reassurance. Potential anxiety R/T surgery, post-operative care. Potential respiratory Patient will not experience compromise R/T general respiratory compromise. anesthesia. 1. Assess breath sounds-HR/RR at least q shift. 2. Turn, cough and deep breathe q2 hrs. 3. Record vital signs. Patient will Alteration in comfort R/T verbalize/demonstrate relief surgery. rom pain. Potential neurovascular Patient will not experience compromise R/T surgical neurovascular compromise procedure. . 1. Assess for pain and medicate per protocol. 2. Reposition for comfort as ordered/prn. 1. Assess surgical site or affected extremity for color, capillary refill, sensation, temperature, pulses and active/passive ROM as ordered. 2. Document neurova scular status as ordered. 3. Report any neurovascular compromise to M. D. 4. Position extremity with elevation if ordered. 5. Apply ice or heat as ordered. Potential alteration in level of consciousness R/T anesthesia. Patient will exhibit appropriate LOC. 1. Assess LOC q shift. 1. Monitor I/O q hour with IV or foley. 2. Begin ice chips or clear liquids slowly as ordered. 3. Maintain IV fluids as ordered. 4. Call M. D. for catheter order if unable to void after surgery. 5. Assess GU status q shift. Potential alteration in bowel elimination R/T Patient will have BM by postanesthesia and postoperative day #4. operative immobilization Potential alteration in skin integrity R/T immobility. Patient will not experience skin breakdown. 1. Mobilize as ordered. 2. Administer laxative of choice or suppository for no BM after 3 days. . Assess GI status q shift. 1. Assess skin q shift. 2. Provide daily nursing care. Potential alteration in fluid balance R/T surgery. Patient will have adequate fluid intake and urine output. Medical Diagnoses: Impaired Physical Mobility, Acute pain, secondary to fractured left femur, ORIF surgery, Musculosketeal impairment Assessme Nursing Client Nursing *I Evaluation nt DX/Clin ical Goals/Desired Interventions/Actions/ Goals Interventio Problem Outcomes/Object Orders and Rationale ns ives Subjectiv Problem: Long Term: * Apply any ordered X Goal met. Continue e brace before Pt was intervention Impaired Pt will be able to mobilizing the client. able to s as listed. Pt Physical ambulate around ambulate Encourage screams Mobility the nurses’ Rationale: around pt to when station 2X by â€Å"Brace support and the continue the staff discharge. stablilize a body part, nurses’ use of attempts allowing increased station by braces and to move mobility. † (Ackley ; discharge. assistive the left Ladwig, 2008, p 552). Pt was devices lower able to after extremity *Increase complete discharge Pt demonstr ates difficulty with any movemen t of the left lower extremity . independence in ADLs Rationale: â€Å"Providing unnecessary assistance with transfers and activities may promote dependence and a loss of mobility. † (Ackley ; Ladwig, 2008, p 552). *Obtain any assistive devices needed for activity. Rationale: â€Å"Assistive devices can help increase mobility. † (Ackley ; Ladwig, 2008, p 552). R/T: Short Term: O bjective Pt states that his pain level is a 9 on a 10 point pain rating scale. is activity until he more than feels twice. Pt comfortable did not c/o. complain Encourage of any the pt to pain or continue his discomfort independen upon ce in ADLs ambulatio and c/o n. unnecessary assistance. Pt states â€Å"I feel like I’m finally getting back to my old self. † X Goal met. Pt able to fully complete passive range of motion exercises with assistance from the staff by the end of this shift. Pt did not complain of any pain associated with exercise session. Continue intervention s as listed. Continue to assess pain using the 10 point pain scale q4 hrs or PRN. Continue to provide pain control and treat as needed. *Assess the pt’s pain Acute Pt will perform by using the 10 point pain, passive range of pain rating scale q4 hrs secondary motion exercises or PRN. to by the end of this fractured shift. Rationale: left femur â€Å"Single- item ratings of Pt pain intensity are valid grimaces ORIF and reliable as during surgery measures of pain any kind intensity. of motion Anxiety or â€Å"The client’s report of movemen Musculosk pain is the single most t of his eteal reliable indicator of left lower impairmen pain. † extremity t (Ackley ; Ladwig, 2008, p. 604-605). AEB Pt’s ORIF *Before activity, treat Grimacing surgery pain. during movement Rationale: or activity â€Å"Pain limits mobility and is often Pt complaints about pain and discomfort Pt pain rating of 9 out of 10. Surgery that is 2 days postop exacerbated by movement. † (Ackley ; Ladwig, 2008, p 552).

Todays Fashion Ltd.

Todays Fashion Ltd. Q1: Job analysis conducted by Mary for Todays Fashion ltd is inefficient. This is because a typical analysis of any job requires a combination of more than one method and/or approach in analyzing tasks to arrive at quality outcome. Employing a sngle method in analyzing any given tasks requirements in most instances brings inaccurate results owing to the perceived weaknesses of such a method. Such weaknesses have a dire impact on task and skills analysis procedures. Additionally, job analysis should be carried out by a professional with relevant specialization in hiring/recruitment procedures in order to ensure credible results of the entire analysis. As evidenced from the case study, Mary who is the pacific region sale manager has no formal education on job analysis or in particular personnel management training. Any job analysis carried by individuals with no formal training is likely to be inefficient. Training is paramount to the quality of output for any given task and/or activit y. Therefore, Marys experience alone does not qualify her to institute effective job analysis schedule. The method used by Mary is appropriate. However, the weakness of the overall analysis is brought by relying on one method to come up with the analysis. Additionally, relying on experience may be subjective and thus may not actually reflect the task requirements. Nevertheless, there are various strengths of the sales manager efforts. First, during the interviews, the interviewer can effectively describe himself to the people he is interviewing compared to other methods like questionnaires. Proper description of the task requirements will enable the interviewer to come up with proper conclusions regarding the job analysis. Interviews will help the interviewers to clarify issues which are not clear to the people being interviewed. Clarification of issues will enable the people being interviewed to give reliable answers to the interviewer. Also, interviews allow immediate response and interaction environment between the recruit and the employer, as compared to other methods like questionnaires. This boosts firms effort in driving needed conclusions for job analysis Just-in-Time. Interviews are also useful for complex questions that require intensive discussion which could not have otherwise be achieved through other method of job analysis. Interviews may also be modified to gather extra information needed to make conclusions as compared to other methods such as online recruiting which are static. However, Marys efforts have various weaknesses. First, interviews may lead to biased conclusions as the outcome of the entire procedure is pegged on subjective opinions such first-impression effects of the interviewer. Biased conclusion may affect the companys efficiency in selection and recruitment of human resources if the selection is based on the biased job analysis. Additionally, interviewing as well as employee skill scrutiny requires an interviewer with relevant skills and relevance for quality results, which Mary is devoid of. Therefore, the efforts employed by the sales manager may not yield the desired results. Moreover, interviews are time consuming and expensive. Also due to the large size of Todays fashions, interview carried out on the sample outlet may not represent the views of the 35 outlets that Mary is managing. Q2: Some of the factors that Mary ought to considered with more weight to improve her job analysis includes the frequency of specific tasks, skills, complexity and efforts exerted in performing various falling the assistant managers position, so as to effectively evaluate the competence and skills to sought during hiring. Also, in order to improver the quality of her analysis, Mary should consider the environment and job market dynamics in which the business is operating. Environment in most instances has a major impact on requirements in carrying out a given task. Work environment may include such as aggressive and hostile customers and extreme temperaments, among others. Consideration of work environment by the sales manager in job analysis for Todays fashion is crucial as it will help select store managers with good customer relations skills. Valuable customer relation is necessary for todays fashion ltd because some customers are aggressive and hostile, and therefore dealing with these types of customers requires high level of customer relations capacity. To improve the quality of analysis, Mary should also consider the equipment and tools needed to perform various tasks. For instance, if the stores records are to be maintained using a computerized system, the selection should include a manager with relevant information technology skills. Additionally, the sales manager should consider organization culture and strategy to improve her quality of analysis. An analysis that is consistent with the culture and laid down procedures usually yields positive returns for any given firm. Q3: Job description and specification prepared by Mary does not appear to be thorough. This is because the description fails to substantively spell out the role of the assistant manager in a given store department. An assistant manager has a significant degree of authority in making strategic decisions on store departmental issues under delegated authority from general stores manager. Additionally, under job specification, to effectively manage human capital in a given store Mary ought to posses some level of management skills. This is because the efficiency of management is directly proportional to the companys profitability and/or performance. In my opinion, the job specification and description criterion outlined by Mary does not form a substantive ground to form a basis of new selection criteria. This is because of the loopholes noted in the specification and job description schedule. For instance, the qualifications desired for the assistant store manager are inadequate, and no consideration has been made to include authority issues and duties scope. The documents prepared by Mary will work against firms goal attainment standards if sued for discrimination in recruitment of employees. This is because she restricts appointment to the people who have previously worked with the Todays fashion to some degree.

Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and Potential Replacements

The Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and the Potential Alternatives that Can Replace It Abstract: High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), like many other unhealthy constituents that are used in foods, is cheap and retains the taste of the natural products it emulates, possibly even surpassing them in many areas. However, experiments have shown that fructose is not an ideal sugar for human consumption, not to mention the fact that the use of GM ingredients can be dangerous. In order to prevent the continued consumption of this noxious sugar, food producers should use healthy alternative sweeteners to prevent the further dependence on HFCS in our foods and drinks. With dental, digestive, and other corporal problems such as diabetes and obesity proliferating in the United States, the public is becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of unhealthy foods. Some ingredients that had previously been deemed harmless and have been in use for decades have recently been proved to be harmful and even potentially lethal. Thus, scientists, nutritionists, and food manufacturers are becoming more concerned about detrimental eating habits originating from the consumption of damaging ingredients that are copious in foods. A greater concern, however, is that these ingredients can still be found in a variety of food products and have yet to be withdrawn from grocery shelves. It is difficult to conceive that such toxic ingredients as high fructose corn syrup can still be found in a plethora of foods and drinks, even after multiple experiments that have proven that high fructose corn syrup is severely detrimental to the human body and the usage of HFCS, instead of diminishing, has dramatically augmented over the decades. It is undesira... ..., and Peter Saunders. MRC Acknowledges GM Food Risks. 12 Oct. 2000 Institute of Science for Society. 23 Jul. 2007 . Howard, Denise. Sugar Alternatives. BellaOnline. 23 Jul. 2007 . Organic and Non-GMO Report . Many non-GM alternatives to high fructose corn syrup are available. 23 Jul. 2007 . Reynolds, Coriena . Sugar Alternatives, Not So Sweet. James Madison University. 23 Jul. 2007 . Riley, Sylvia. The #1 Sugar Alternative: Healthy, Natural and Sweet - The Ultimate Substitute. 28 May 2006 SearchWarp. 23 Jul. 2007 . Smith, Thomas. Sweet And Deadly. 9 Sep. 2005 Healing Matters. 23 Jul. 2007 .

The Digital Divide

Education and the workplace have been revolutionized by information technology. The jobs of tomorrow will depend heavily on people's literacy with computers and the Internet. Forecasts are that by the year 2010, 25% of all of the new jobs created in the private and public sectors will be â€Å"technologically oriented† (American Association of University Women Educational Foundation Commission on Technology, Gender and Teacher Education, 2000). In both economic upturns and downturns, access to jobs will require training and competency in technology (McClelland, 2001).Yet, access to training in IT is not equitable and some people have greater access than others with the likelihood depending on the income, racial, and gender categories of which people are members. White Americans are more likely to have access to computers and the Internet than African Americans. Males have more access than females, and wealthier Americans have more access regardless of race and gender. The digi tal divide is a term that has been used to refer to the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not; between those who have the expertise and training to utilize technology and those who do not.According to Chistopher Latimer in a report to the New York State Forum for Information Resources, social gaps in society cause the digital divide, but the digital divide, in turn, may intensify existing social gaps and create new ones. Because members of minority groups and people from lower socioeconomic groups have less access to technology, they are likely to be even further disadvantaged from attaining some of the higher positions in tomorrow's economy, widening the economic divisions that already exist. The trend is already occurring.According to a report of the National Science Foundation (Papadakis, 2000), 46. 6% of White families in the United States own a home computer, whereas only 23. 2% of African American families own one. Although computer purchase and use rose for both Whites and Blacks over the last several years, the gap between racial groups has widened. During the 4–year period of 1994–1998, Papadakis reported that computer ownership increased 18% nationally, but the gap between Blacks and Whites widened by an additional 7%. The gap seems to persist at the college level.For instance, the Office of Institutional Research at a community college in northern Virginia polled the commuter–oriented student population and, even among this group, computer ownership was higher among White students than it was among Black students. Socioeconomic status also plays a large role. Of Americans with incomes of under $15,000, 12. 7% have computers in their homes. The percentages climb steadily with income such that families who earn more than $75,000 annually have a 77. 7% likelihood of owning a computer.The racial variable is often confounded with income, because Blacks and Hispanics make up a larger proportion of the lo wer income groups than do Whites. Nonetheless, some racial differences continue to exist, even when income is statistically removed from the phenomenon. For example, the lowest likelihood of computer ownership is for Black households whose income is below $15,000 (7. 7%). For all families earning less than $35,000, the percentage of White households owning computers is three times greater than the percentage of Black families and four times greater than the percentage of Hispanic families.It is not only crucial that everyone has the access and knowledge to use computers and the Internet for the jobs for which they will compete upon finishing school, but it is also critical for school performance itself. Survey data from a large number of eighth–grade students in the United States. They specifically noted the relationship between children’s having access to a computer at home and their scores on standardized tests. They found that reading and math scores were related to home ownership of computers.Not surprisingly, they also found that White students were more advantaged than Black students; wealthier students were more advantaged than poorer students. More surprisingly, the data showed that, controlling for the number of households who had computers, wealthy students obtained more of an advantage from their computer ownership than did poorer students, and White students obtained more of an advantage than Black students. Policymakers have good reason to worry about the digital divide. Wealth and socioeconomic status have frequently made education and employment opportunities more accessible to some than to others.Unequal distribution of wealth, even in the public sector, has created schools that are unequal in facilities, staff, and, in the end, academic performance of its students. The unbalanced relationship between race and socioeconomic status bears prime responsibility for the lower academic performance of traditionally underrepresented minor ities. The cycle perpetuates itself as underrepresented minorities are in a disadvantaged position to compete for the higher paying technology jobs of today's and tomorrow's workplace. The same precipitating factors are more difficult to glean in the case of gender.Nonetheless, compared with men, women are underrepresented in their use and ownership of computers. Women take fewer technology classes in high school and college, are far less likely to graduate college with degrees in IT fields, are less likely to enroll in postgraduate technology fields, and are underrepresented in the higher end of technology jobs. A recent study by the American Association of University Women (AAUW, 2000), for example, highlights how the vast majority of girls and women are being left out of the technology revolution.The AAUW report shows that women and men are using computers as a â€Å"tool†Ã¢â‚¬â€œfor accessing the Internet, using e–mail, and using word processing programs–at equal rates. However, there is a striking disparity in the number of women and men who are participating in the technological revolution at a more sophisticated level, the level that will allow them to be equal and active participants in the computer revolution that is taking classrooms and workplaces across the world by storm. Much of the debate about the digital divide has centered on the question of who has access to computers and the Internet.A series of studies by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002) revealed that those in low-income, low-education, minority-racial, and rural location groups have unequal access to the new technologies. The most recent NTIA (2002) report indicated that the gaps in access are narrowing. However, this chapter argues that a number of fundamental aspects of the digital divide persist, above and beyond access issues. It examines continuing gaps that underlie the digital divide from a case study of Austin, Texas.A highly wired city, Austin reveals the social and cultural barriers that remain in place when most conventional remedies, such as public access centers, Internet-connected schools and libraries, and computer training programs, become fairly widely available. So far this discussion of the digital divide has taken a structural point of view. Many analyses point to income as the key issue in access, which leads many to assume that when computers and Internet access become cheap enough for all income levels can afford them, and then lower income consumers will, as a matter of course, adopt and use them.However, both the national NTIA research and the recent Texas study showed that, particularly within lower income populations, ethnicity is still related to less frequent use of the Internet. Economic structures related to class are crucial in limiting access to media, but culture, as indicated by ethnic differences, remains important. Bourdieu (1980, 1984, 1993a) intro duced the concepts of habitus, field, and capital to elaborate the continuity, regularity, and regulated transformation of social action that solely structural explanations fail to account for, such as technology use by individuals and groups.He described habitus as a set of dispositions that create â€Å"durable† and â€Å"transposable† practices and perceptions over a long process of social inculcation. The similarity of dispositions and practices experienced by members of the same social class constitutes class habitus for Bourdieu (Johnson, 1993). Such shared orientations help explain why groups acquire and hold dispositions against the use of certain technologies like networked computers, even when those technologies become accessible and receive favorable publicity in the media.During the past decade, the Department of Commerce has conducted research on the extent of Internet access throughout the United States. Their initial studies warned of a growing digital d ivide, particularly when the data factored in demographic variables such as race and income. Inspired by studies such as these, local, state, and national organizations emerged to close the gap, to ensure that most (if not all) Americans enjoy access to the Internet in the same manner as they do basic services such as water and electricity.What progress has been made since those earlier warnings? To answer that question the Commerce Department's National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), conducted a survey of about 57,000 households in September 2001, releasing their findings in 2002. Their results inspired many observers to conclude that efforts to close the digital divide have largely succeeded but that important work remains. Internet access has become an essential component to public life for most Americans.Indeed, the Commerce Department found that in September 2001, 174 million Americans (two thirds of the population) were online. Moreover, during the t ime of their study, they found that roughly 2 million more Americans go online every month. Many of these new Internet users are children, the fastest growing group in the study. Already, three fourths of all teenagers use the Internet for study, socializing, and entertainment. Just think, a mere decade ago, Internet usage was a rarity, a research tool for scientists or a plaything for the wealthy.Now the Net has wired itself into the fabric of our lives through stand-alone computers, personal data assistants, mobile phones, mall kiosks, and a growing number of other means that allow virtually anyone to go online from virtually anywhere. The Internet and ICTs are at present accessible to only a very limited proportion of the world s population. The diffusion of the communication networks is not uniform between countries or even within societies.Indeed, it is estimated that not even half of the people on the planet have ever made a telephone call. This uneven access to the new media is believed to be giving rise to a digital divide between the information-rich and the information-poor. For some privileged groups life-chance opportunities may be significantly enhanced by access to the Internet through greater bandwidth and high-speed connectivity. For the majority of less well off, access may be non-existent or at best limited to slow telecommunications links.As the rate of development of ICTs becomes faster and the competitive advantage to the information-rich increases, it is possible that the digital divide will act to reinforce and even extend existing social and material inequalities between people. Community informatics (CI) is the application of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to enable community processes and the achievement of community objectives including overcoming digital divides both within and among communities. But CI also goes beyond discussions of the digital divide.It goes on to examine how and under what conditions ICT acce ss can be made usable and useful to the range of excluded populations and communities and particularly to support local economic development, social justice, and political empowerment using the Internet. Thus a framework is emerging for systematically approaching information systems from a community perspective that parallels MIS in the development of strategies and techniques for managing community use and application of information systems closely linking with the variety of community networking research and applications.This is based on the assumption that geographically based communities (also known as physical or geo-local communities) have characteristics, requirements, and opportunities that require different strategies for ICT intervention and development from the widely accepted implied models of individual or in-home computer/Internet access and use. Because of cost factors, much of the world is unlikely to have in-home Internet access in the near future.Thus CI represents an area of interest both to ICT practitioners and academic researchers and to all those with an interest in community-based information technologies addressing the connections between the academic theory and research, and the policy and pragmatic issues arising from community networks, community technology centers, telecenters, community communications centers, and telecottages currently in place globally. The types of communities we are concerned with are those suffering economic and social disadvantage relative to other groups and neighborhoods within the city, town, or region.These are the communities in which the level of earning potential and capacity for income generation is poor. Unemployment figures are high and educational attainment is low. Poverty and discrimination are visible. People's confidence in and aspirations for the future are low. Most of the people living in these communities find themselves on the wrong side of the digital divide for reasons not so much of ac cess (although this can certainly be a factor) but of social and economic exclusion.Within these communities too there are often large numbers of hard-to-reach groups. These are the people who are beyond the net of social inclusion initiatives and whom in terms of turning around and transforming neighborhoods and regions it is perhaps most crucial to reach. ICTs can be used as a tool for reconnecting individuals and groups. With appropriate interventions and support, the influence of ICTs on the local economy can be more positive than negative. Poor and disadvantaged communities do not have to be left behind in the digital economy.They can be information society â€Å"shapers† rather than â€Å"trailers† (Shearman 1999a). ICTs open the door to the future. Having a share in the future is not just a question of â€Å"catching up. † It means having access to the new opportunities at the same time as everybody else. It is about having the chance to be at the forefro nt, to shape the direction of local economic, social, and community development. This means going beyond the basics of Internet access and training provision. Providing access and resources is just the first step.Leaving it at that condemns these communities to a perpetual second-class existence—always lagging behind. With a bit of imagination and thought, community-based ICT projects can offer a way out of this. One way of working toward this is to promote the use of state-of-the-art technologies in community contexts. Community-based ICT projects are not normally perceived as being at the technical cutting edge of their field or pioneers in applications development. But local ICT projects can be both state-of-the-art and community based.Community enterprises like Artimedia in Huddersfield and Batley and Mediac in Sheffield develop projects that encourage people to experiment with state-of-the-art technologies. Many of the cultural projects they are engaged in require people to acquire sophisticated ICT skills such as image compression, converting sound into streamed media and output from digital format to video. It goes without saying that a medium that is increasingly adopted into society is approaching average parts of the population.However, in my view, digital divides are about relative differences between categories of people. In the 1980s and 1990s, most of these divides concerning possession of computers and Internet connections increased, as was convincingly demonstrated by the American and Dutch official statistics supplied earlier. One is free to predict that these divides will close rapidly, an argument to be dealt with later, but their existence in the present and recent past cannot be denied. The argument about cheaper hardware is correct, but only partly so. It neglects many facts like:(a) The new media add to the older mass media that do not disappear: One still needs a TV, radio, VCR, telephone, and perhaps a newspaper; low income hous eholds continually have to weigh every new purchase (with the newspaper beginning to lose); (b) Computers are outdated much faster than any of the medium and continually new peripheral equipment and software has to be purchased; and (c) â€Å"Free† Internet access or computer hardware is not really free, of course. There are nominal monthly fees, long-term service agreements, privacy selling, and low-quality service, for instance.However, the most important problem of this interpretation, and the next one, is their hardware orientation. Perhaps the most common social and political opinion is that the problem of the digital divide is solved as soon as every citizen or inhabitant has the ability to obtain a personal computer and an Internet connection. In contrast, my analysis suggests that the biggest problems of information and communication inequality just start with the general diffusion of computers and network connections.

A World without Ice Effects of Global Warming on Polar Regions

A World without Ice Effects of Global Warming on Polar Regions Introduction When one hears the term â€Å"Global Warming†, different ideas come to mind. Many people associate global warming with high temperatures, industrial revolution, factories, and pollution. Global warming is affecting all regions and areas that are parts of this earth. It makes them warmer and warmer by time (Bo et al., 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A World without Ice: Effects of Global Warming on Polar Regions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What happens to your ice cream in a hot weather? It melts of course. Now imagine the ice cream as a habitat or a region. This scenario would be the frigid region of the earth. I was curious about the effects of this global climatic change on the polar regions of the earth. Polar Regions are located at the North and South Pole of the earth, and they are made up of the polar icecaps. North Pole and South Pole are also called Arctic region and Antarctic region correspondingly. The percentage of ice thickness in these regions is decreasing with time due to warmer weathers. When these frozen areas melt, they cause many serious changes to the environment (Bo et al., 2009). Thus, this topic has become a controversial issue amongst people. The meltdown of the South and North poles caused by global warming has negative effects on the Polar Regions to the extent that it destroys ecosystems, leads some animals to extinction, and affects the entire world negatively. Despite the numerous negative effects of global warming on the Polar Regions, it also has some positive effects. For instance, global warming has led to the emergence of new varieties of vegetation as well as migration of animals into areas that they were once not habiting (Fyfe et al., 2007). Despite this scenario, global warming has led to devastating effects in the Polar Regions leaving the area inhabitable only not for plants and animals, but also for people living in the re gions. This paper looks at the effects of global warming in Polar Regions. Effects of global warming The impacts of global warming in the Polar Regions are so clear and have severe repercussions that they led to the institution of the International Polar Year. Some of the undertakings during this year included exploring the polar ecosystem to understand how it responded to environmental changes like global warming. From the onset of the industrial revolution, the Polar Regions have witnessed significant environmental changes (Haeberli Burn, 2002). The amount of temperature in the region has significantly increased making the regions record high rate of snowmelt ever. Besides, temperature changes have made it hard for some animals and vegetations to thrive in the regions leading to their decline while some are facing extinction.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gl obal warming has led to destruction of infrastructural facilities in the polar region, especially in the Arctic region. A wide area of the Arctic comprises of a ground covered by permafrost. The permafrost supports the establishment of different infrastructural facilities in the area. For instance, pipelines, roads, and buildings are laid on the permafrost (Smetacek Nicol, 2005). Increase in temperature in the region is leading to thawing of the permafrost. In return, most of the infrastructures have ended up twisting, collapsing, and others becoming unstable. It has become difficult for the region to develop due to lack of infrastructural facilities (Hughes, 2000). While some people claim that global warming in Polar Regions will open new areas to economic activities, they do not consider the fact that for economic activities to succeed, they require different infrastructures like roads. With global warming leading to twisting of most of the roads and pipelines as well as the coll apsing of buildings in the area, it would be very hard for any significant economic activity to take place in the region. It would be hard to ship anything from the region due to poor infrastructure. Another impact of global warming in Polar Regions is the melting of the ice caps. In 2006, scientists claimed that the planet was losing its ice at an alarming rate. A study conducted to ascertain the rate of meltdown in the regions proved that the Antarctic region was losing its ice at a tune of 152km2 per year. The meltdown is gradually leading to a steady rise in sea level. Along the Arctic region, global warming is leading to a retreat of the ice cover (Ye Mather, 2007). Currently, the region is losing its ice-cover at a rate that is 18 times more than what it used to lose a decade ago. The rise in see level is gradually leading to displacement of people living along the coastline as the land adjacent to the ocean is swallowed by water. The meltdown of the Polar Regions leads to ch anges in vegetation to the level that polar biome is converting to a newly formed ecosystem. â€Å"Large areas devoid of any vegetation are revealed from under the ice† (Olech et al., 2011, p.36). This aspect makes some destructive changes to the native animals’ life. In the Arctic pole, the populations of herbivores, such as reindeers, which are not the local animals of this district, have increased in the past years; as a result, the vegetation of this area has changed and it is leading to an enormous change in the structure of the original tundra.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A World without Ice: Effects of Global Warming on Polar Regions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the population of lichen, a kind of plant in the Arctic area that many polar birds depend on, is decreasing due to the increase in the population of reindeers that feed on those plants. In other words, new plants for m when recession of frozen areas takes place (Gunn Skogland, 2007), which shows how the ecosystem is changing from one nature to another, and it affects the native animals that used to live on the glaciers negatively. As proven by Kister (2005), â€Å"this encroaching change means the elimination of the tundra, and questions the survival of the animals that depend upon that fertile wetland ecosystem† (p.114). The region is becoming a new habitat for the existing animals. It will be hard for the living things to adapt to a different kind of environment which is warmer and lacks ice, and so they will either extinct or migrate to cooler places. Despite some animals facing extinction or being displaced due to global warming, it is imperative to note that global warming is also leading to the emergence of new species of plants and animals in areas that they did not exist. For instance, the Arctic pole was not popular for animals like reindeers. However, due to global warming, the area is gradually recording an increase in the population of these animals and a number of other herbivores. The trend means that the region will soon comprise of a variety of animals thus making it a favorite tourist destination (Mendelsohn et al., 2006). The emergence of these herbivores has come due to growth of certain vegetations and changes in temperature. The main reason why these animals would not survive in the region is that there was no food for them. Hence, their appearance means that the vegetation of the area is gradually changing. In a way, this aspect implies that global warming is leading to the emergence of new varieties of vegetation in the polar region. The disappearance of the polar ice affects the habitat of the polar bears. They depend on polar ice for their survival and activities. However, global warming threatens the existence of this species since the habitat they depend on is changing slowly with time from one phase to another. According to Weller and An derson (2005), â€Å"if current melting trend continues, the bears are likely to become extinct in the southern Beaufort Sea region of Alaska, and adjacent Canada† (p.31). The rate of reproduction of the polar bears is low since mother bears give birth to one or two babies and then they stay with their mothers for around 24 months. After that, the mother might give birth again.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kister, â€Å"Polar bears have suffered 15 percent decrease in their number of offspring and a similar decline in weight over the past 25 years† (2005, p.57). Moreover, polar bears depend on haunting seals as a source of food (Pedersen, 2012). Since seals are only found on ice, with the elimination of ice, there will be no seals; thus, the polar bears will not find any seals to feed on thus face extinction. Although the supporters of Arctic melting believe that it has beneficial economic outcomes, these outcomes cannot compare logically to the entire globe that it is damaging. According to Pedersen (2012), the melting of the Polar Regions results in the expanding of business and industrial opportunities. On the one hand, his suggestion seems reasonable for it makes the shipping between the Northern Canada and Northern Europe easier and less expensive. On the other hand, he does not seem to recognize that the ships used for shipping goods through this area release poisonous gases that pollute the environment even more. The use of ships along these regions will lead to the intensification of global warming effects. Moreover, Pedersen explains that less ice would lead to increase of gas and oil sources (2012). A great amount of unexploited oil and gas are found in the Arctic region, and the continued meltdown in the region would facilitate in their exploitation. His argument seems to be convincing since these resources fall in the category of beneficial nonrenewable resources. One of the reasons that have led to oil prices going high across the globe is a reduction in its supply. The majority of the countries that were major oil producers are gradually exhausting their oil deposits, and this scenario is calling for new explorations to ensure that the world does not plunge into an oil crisis, which might lead to economic activities coming to a halt. With a lot of oil lying in the Arctic region, global warming will facilitate in its exploitation (Weller Anderson, 2005). Explorers will have an easier access to the continental shelves in the region therefore drilling the oil in the region. Besides oil exploration, global warming will significantly open fishing activities along the Polar Regions. For decades, snow has covered the greater part of the sea along the poles. Global warming is leading to the meltdown of this snow making it possible for fish to survive in the region. If this trend continues, the fishing industry will have an opportunity to exploit the region. Global warming is lead to some fish species that could not thrive in the polar region swimming to the region and multiplying there thus opening the region to fishing activities. Nevertheless, one should note that some fish species thrive in the polar region. Global warming in this region is having adverse effects on these fish species. The fish species are being compelled to relocate and look for areas with stable temperatures or acclimatize with the new tempe ratures (Rothrock et al., 2007). This aspect implies that in spite of the region being open to fishing, the activity will not be productive, as it will only have limited supply of fish. Global warming might facilitate in oil exploration along the Polar Regions, which would have significant benefits to the global economy. Nevertheless, we have to remember that despite the benefits of oil exploration, the process will have immense adverse effects on the region. The machines used in the exploration and drilling process will lead to air and noise pollution in the area thus affecting the animals and plants in the region. As proven by World Wildlife Fund (2012), â€Å"Infrastructure for these development projects can destroy habitat, fragment migration routes, and drain freshwater resources. Besides, in case an oil spillage occurs in the region, it would lead to the destruction of Arctic wildlife, which could take numerous years to restore† (par. 4). Oil spillage can have devastati ng effects on the ocean life as witnessed during the incidence that occurred along the Gulf of Mexico. In case of such an incidence, the world would have to use a lot of money and other resources in an attempt to clean the coastline and restore its ecosystem. This scenario would imply that all the money gotten from the oil would go back to cleaning the region. Rather than taking advantage of the current meltdown in the Arctic region to drill oil, which might later cost us heavily, it would be appropriate to look for ways to stop the meltdown and restore the ecosystem. The polar ice is melting rapidly by time. It is affecting the Polar Regions in terms of plants and vegetation. Now, after reading the article, imagine the ice cream again. How will the melting of a whole nation be? Everything that was once naturally frozen is now melting day after day due to the global warming (Stringer, 2005). Imagine a world without ice. What will it be like? Animals that are adapted to Polar Regions are now about to become extinct for their homes are disappearing. Global warming is leading to a reduction of ice in the Polar Regions. In return, the reduction is affecting the breeding course of various animals in the region (Madin, 2008). For instance, walrus pup and seal take advantage of the ice condition to wean and bring up their newborns. Poor ice conditions due to global warming is making it hard for these animals to wean their newborns properly, which leads to the death of a majority of the same. If the trend continues, these animals will suffer extinction since they do not multiply. In return, polar bears will also face extinction since they depend on these animals for food (Stirling Derocher, 2008). Global warming in the Polar Regions does not only affect plants and animals. It also affects people living in the region. Global warming alters freeze-thaw line in both space and time. Consequently, it leads to significant effects not only to biological and physical systems but also to the human system (Everett Fitzharris, 2003). The aboriginal people living in the Arctic region depend on the stable running of the ecosystem and natural resources in the region. The Yupik and other communities have already experienced the wrath of global warming. According to the communities, global warming has altered the process of sea ice formation and led to early melting thus affecting the hunting season. Due to global warming, whales, seals, polar bears, and walrus have changed their migration and feeding trends. It has become hard for the native people to predict when and the route that these animals will use during their migration (Xu et al., 2007). Hence, it has become hard for them to arrange for hunting expeditions. Global warming has made it hard for the aboriginals in the Arctic region to acquire food leading to most of them suffering from starvation. Apart from starvation, it has become hard for people in the region to preserve their food for use during t he dry season. Normally, the aboriginals amass a lot of food during the dry season (summer and spring) and preserve some for use during the wet season (autumn and winter). Today, global warming is responsible for the increase in the rate of precipitation during the dry season (Oppenheimer, 2006). Arctic region experiences heavy rain, cloudy skies and fog during the summer and spring. It becomes hard for people to air-dry their traditional food for preservation. Most of the food they amass during the dry season goes into waste making them suffer during the wet seasons when there is a food shortage. Conclusion Global warming has more devastating effects than benefits to the Polar Regions. It leads to increase in temperature, which in return damages infrastructural facilities due to thawing of permafrost. Even though global warming might facilitate in the exploitation of oil and gas in the region, it would be very hard to transport the oil and gas due to poor infrastructure. Besides, t he exploitation process would intensify the global warming in the area. Currently, it is hard to predict the environmental conditions in the Polar Regions. Today, high rainfall, cloudy sky, and fog characterize the dry season. Indigenous people in the region find it hard to dry their food. Besides food preservation, global warming has altered the migration and feeding trend of various animals in the region, which has led to the aboriginals encountering difficulties in hunting. Moreover, global warming has led to the reduction in the number of animals in the polar region. Animals are unable to wean their newborns due to increase in temperature and a reduction in the food supply. The meltdown of permafrost due to increase in temperature caused by global warming has led to increase of methane gas in the atmosphere. In return, the gas has led to the accumulation of temperature on the surface of the earth leading to plants that survive in low temperature dying. With all these negative ef fects of global warming in the polar region, one may ask if it is worth going on with the industrial revolution in these regions. Industries are a major cause of global warming. Establishing industries in the region would imply intensifying the effects of global warming. References Bo, J., Hall, A., Qu, X. (2009). September sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean projected to vanish by 2100. Nature Geoscience, 2(5), 341-42. Everett, J., Fitzharris, B. (2003). The Arctic and Antarctic: The regional impacts of climate change: An assessment of vulnerability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Fyfe, J., Boer, G., Flato, G. (2007). The Arctic and Antarctic oscillations and their projected changes under global warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(11), 1601-1604. Gunn, A., Skogland, T. (2007). Responses of caribou and reindeer to global warming. Ecological Studies, 124, 189-200. Haeberli, W., Burn, C. (2002). Natural hazards in forests: Glacier and permafrost effects as related to climate change. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. Hughes, L. (2000). Biological consequences of global warming: Is the signal already apparent? Trends in Ecology Evolution, 15(2), 56-61. Kister, C. (2005). Arctic melting. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. Madin, K. (2008). Melting arctic ice threatens polar bears survival. Oceanus, 46(2), 30-31. Mendelsohn, R., Nordhaus, W., Shaw, D. (2006). The impact of global warming on agriculture: A Ricardian analysis. The American Economic Review, 84(4), 753-771. Olech, M., WÄ™grzyn, M., Lisowska, M., SÅ‚aby, A., Angiel, P. (2011). Contemporary changes in vegetation of Polar Regions. Papers on Global Change IGBP, 18(1), 35-51. Oppenheimer, M. (2006). Global warming and stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet. Nature, 393, 325-330. Pedersen, S. (2012). Record high arctic melt indicates global warming is speeding up. Web. Rothrock, A., Yu, Y., Mayhut, G. (2007). Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(23), 3469-3472. Smetacek, V., Nicol, S. (2005). Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature, 437, 362-368. Stirling, I., Derocher, A. (2008). Possible impacts of climatic warming on polar bears. Arctic, 46(3), 240-245. Stringer, J. (2005). Meltdown at the arctic. The Times Educational Supplement, 32(4652), 8-15. Weller, G., Anderson, P. (2005). Implications of global change in Alaska and the Bering Sea Region. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Fairbanks. World Wildlife Fund. (2012). Polar Regions. Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/polar-regions Xu, J., Wang, G., Zhang, B. (2007). Climate change comparison between Arctic and other areas in the Northern Hemisphere since the last Interstade. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 17(1), 43–50. Ye, H., Mather, J. (2007). Polar snow cover changes and global warming. International Journal of Climatology, 17(2), 155-162.

Gender Differences in Nursing

Gender Differences in Nursing Introduction For a long time, nursing has been associated with the female gender. The first nurses were women, and the trend has continued for years without substantial change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Differences in Nursing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The profession grew from a point of care provision to a recognized profession and the roles changed. Though it has been proved that the satisfaction of the patient is not related to the gender of the nurse, still there are findings that illustrate support the argument1. This paper seeks to show why the profession has been dominated by women and why there are low men recording especially in the US and Canada. Gender differences in nursing The issue of gender in the nursing profession within Canada and the US needs to be examined. Some studies have suggested that the patient satisfaction in some instances has a very slight link with the nurse’s gender. The career patterns between male and female nurses have been very distinct before, but the two have a shared link now. Women in their career patterns are said to take up lateral moves. On the contrary, men make linear career moves. This means that a woman is likely to spend much time in one career compared to a man. For instance, a female nurse will spend much time in the nursing before training for another post. This is commonly known as the certificate gathered syndrome which mostly affects women2.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the contrary, men are taking up the linear career whereby they consider a career in which flexibility is fostered. Men are not grossly affected by the certificate gathered syndrome like women3. In the nursing context, the option for nurses to stick to the nursing career is based on many factors. The dominance of females has not b een willful, but inevitable. There are findings which suggest that female nurses have certificate gatherer syndrome. This is because the dynamics of the labor markets affect women and men differently. The study of both literal and linear career paths show that the issue of minority men in nursing is due to the structural labor markets that favor men than women. The most stated reason for the differences in the population of men and women in nursing career is the children career breaks that are experienced by both men and women. The period taken by women and men to attain nursing status is distinct4. The labor markets in the United States and Canada present a dilemma to men in relation to choosing nursing profession as a career. The nursing labor division is characterized by unqualified persons, and the payment for the unskilled has been exceedingly low. Nursing in the United States has been considered a career for the less skilled individuals. Therefore, many men than women find it hard to advance in nursing. With the minimal hopes of advancement, few men have reluctantly joined nursing. The under-representation of men in the nursing career within the US and Canada illustrates an imbalance that should be addressed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Differences in Nursing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are prevailing stereotypes about nursing. This cannot be ruled out since it has an influence on the Canadian and United States men on their choice of career. The nursing career has continuously been associated with caring and submission. Large numbers of men think that these traits are for women. In addition, the notion that joining the profession will make them look unmanly has made it hard for men to take up the nursing career5. There are notions in the United States and Canadian society’s that perceive men as strong and aggressive. The foregoing statement shows that nursing is not in conformity with the society’s expectations. In a society whereby people are used to nursing being a woman’s job, it increasingly becomes hard for a man to get the society’s approval after becoming a nurse. The said stereotypes may appear trivial, but they have played an influencing effect on the choices that men make regarding their careers. In the reasoning of many men, it is unwise to choose a career with negative perceptions whereas there are other options. Approximately, over 94 per cent of nurses in the US, as well as Canada are female6. The overwhelming perception that nurses are poorly paid has not helped in making nursing profession attractive to men. The notion is also evident in children’s understanding of the term.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They believe that a man cannot be a nurse. This is passed from one generation to another hence making men shun nursing completely. Conclusion The foregoing literature shows that the nursing profession has been widely considered as a women career. There are stereotypes that have made it hard to have men joining this profession. The stereotypes evident have continuously reduced the number of men joining the career. The Canadian and American nursing field is highly dominated by women due to the factors discussed above. The negative stereotypes need to be address if the number of men joining the career is expected to go high. Bibliography Andrews, Margaret M., and Joyceen S. Boyle.Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2008. Mackay, Lesley.Nursing a Problem Open. Milton Keynes: University Press, 1989. Radcliffe, Phillip. Gender differences in career progress in nursing: towards a non essentialist theory. Journal of Advan ced Nursing, 30, no. 3 (1996): 758-768. Spillerman, Seymour. Careers, labor market structure, and socioeconomic Achievement.American Journal of Sociology 83: (1977): 551-593. Footnotes 1Lesley Mackay,Nursing a Problem Open. (Milton Keynes: University Press, 1989), p. 15 2 Phillip Radcliffe, Gender differences in career progress in nursing: towards a non essentialist theory. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30, 3 (1996), p. 762. 3Ibid, p 765. 4Lesley Mackay,Nursing a Problem Open. (Milton Keynes: University Press, 1989), p.19 5SeymourSpillerman, Careers, labor market structure, and socioeconomicAchievement.American Journal of Sociology 83: (1977), p. 572. 6Margaret M, Andrews and Joyceen S. Boyle,Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care. (Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2008), p. 315.

Leadership and management Essays (293 words) - Leadership

Leadership and management Essays (293 words) - Leadership Leadership and management:- Leadership Management In today's volatile, uncertainties, ambiguous and complex environment, leaders are required to deal with the emerging threats to handle the business operations effectively . As mentioned by Bolden (2016), unique leadership style and characteristics of managers identifies the abilities to lead the organization in positive direction by solving the complex business problems. Leadership and management in the organization enable the business to maximise efficiency so that the organization can achieve its goal successfully . Mainly, it is observed in most of the firm that senior management team is provided training on leadership styles so that they can assist their team for having business growth . Moreover, leadership quality also enables to gain power in politics which is required for starting a new policy. As commented by Saleem (2015), management and leadership are the important concept for delivering effective services to the customers. Although, these two terms are quite similar, however, these may consist of various types of skills, behaviour and outlooks. It is found that good managers require striving for being a good leader as they require adopting management skills effectively. On another note, Olins (2017) stated that leadership require having a distinct vision and being able to motivate their team for achieving the goal successfully. For an example, in organization, BHP Billiton's management team uses autocratic leadership style which enables the managers to implement high quality workforce. The company is found to use integral approach of leadership which prompt in in-depth discussions and team meeting that enable to maximise the potentials of leaders. This example of BHP Billiton shows that the leadership team of the company is effectively gaining communicatio n and other skills which help them to apply it in their workplace.

Population Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Population - Assignment Example Given the economic position of the country and other development as observed in the opening of the Sochi 2014 Opening Ceremony, these facilities are attractive to the young population that will create a strong foundation for the future of the nation. The population shift in Russia is highly due to the poor standards of living. As a result, the mortality rate for the males is high leading to a need for an immediate intervention. Unfortunately, the ban policy adopted by the government has more adverse impacts than advantages. As observed, the number of children adopted by American couples is high thus reducing children-related expenses for the administration (Herszenhorn and Eckholm n.p). With the current poverty and health care status, more children are likely to suffer from malnourishment and diseases increasing infant mortality beyond its present rate. Consequently, the future demography of the country will constrain the government, as dependent ratio will be very high. Herszenhorn, David  M., and Erik, Eckholm. "The New York Times." Putin Signs Bill That Bars U.S. Adoptions, Upending Families. The New York Times,  2012. Web. 24  Mar.  2015.

As Project Management evolves a new set of issues is demanding Essay

As Project Management evolves a new set of issues is demanding attention - Essay Example overseen by a project manager, who needs to possess strong leadership qualities to effectively supervise and guide the project implementation workforce. The project manager also needs to clearly understand the project objectives and the strategies identified by the organization for effective accomplishment of the project goals. He is the person in charge of the project and therefore acts as a link between the workforce and the organization’s management. Fretty (2006 p 38) states that, â€Å"As Project Management evolves a new set of issues is demanding attention†. This paper is a critique of the issues that project managers need to pay attention to as the project progresses, which include mentorship programs to enhance the accomplishment of tasks by the junior members of the project workforce, team building as well as promotion of project management and awareness as well as strong leadership skills among the project managers. It analyzes the competences that are necessary for the accomplishment of the overall goal of the project, such as; strong leadership, understanding of strategies for success, strategies for performance management and staff motivation, effective communication as well as generation of strong working relationships between the junior staff and the organizational management. Understanding and paying attention to the emerging issues is significant for successful implementation of project and accomplishment of the overall goal. Before inception of the project, the project managers are engaged according to the skills acquired through education. They bring fresh knowledge in to the project. However, there are many challenges that they are likely to face in the process. Problem solving requires skills that are mainly possessed by the longstanding project managers. It is therefore important for the project officers who have been in the organization for a longer period of time to provide mentorship for the newly engaged project officers. Mentorship is

RETIREMENT ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RETIREMENT ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example (Show how you calculated your ending salary and the number that you calculated. Then answer the question about your desired retirement income.) Many financial planners suggest that retirement income (from all sources) should be from 70% to 100% of the salary one had in the last year before they retire. How large will your portfolio have to be (when you retire) to provide your desired standard of living? This problem asks how much money you must accumulate (PVA) by the time you retire or are done working to live for n years, on a retirement income of (PMT) per year if you earn interest rate i. For example, imagine somebody about to retire today, who assumes that they are going to live for n=20 years, wants an income (PMT) = $200,000 per year during their retirement and their annuity earns i = 10% interest: Or, verbally, if this person had a portfolio of $1,702,712 on the day they retired, if they lived for another 20 years, and earned 10%, their annuity would pay $200,000 per year, and there will be nothing left when the person died. (Remember this example is for today: Your number will be much larger because your retirement will take place almost 50 years from now.) Value of Defined Benefit Plan with Single Employer: Suppose you take your first job with an employer that offers a defined benefit retirement plan and a beginning salary of $54,000/yr. Suppose also that you average 5.0% raises every year and that you stay with the same employer for all 48 years of your career. Note that during your 48-year career, you will receive 47 raises, the last of which happens on your last working day, which is also your 70th birthday. (No matter your current age, consider that you start working at age 22, and retire at 70). Assume a salary of $54,000 in the first year and an inflation rate of 2.0%. c. Assuming that the employer’s defined benefit plan pays 1.25% of ending salary per year of employment, what

The number of migrants in the world has more than doubled since 1975 Essay

The number of migrants in the world has more than doubled since 1975. Discuss, with specific reference to UK - Essay Example Moreover, according to reports from the Office of National Statistics the net migration into UK was roughly 189,000 between mid-2005 and mid-2006. Also, the overall migration in to the UK since 1994 has been estimated to be in excess of 2 million people. These staggering figures all point to the fact that the negative net migration is contributing hugely to the population expansion in UK. There are numerous reasons for this. One view claims that this is a direct consequence of the respective immigration policies in the UK and outside it and is hence a consequence of a choice made by the policymakers. However, migration demographics gathered from other countries seems to contradict this theory and suggest that in addition to the UK immigration policy, this is more due to the economic forces working silently behind the scenes.1 Hatton summarizes in his paper that relative income, immigration policy and inequality all have a role to play in the inducement to migrate to or from UK. However, he wraps up his paper by saying that patterns of unemployment and relative income have a comparatively smaller impact on the migration of UK when compared to UK inequality and relative policy disparities between UK and rest of the Europe in specific and rest of the world in general. This has huge implications on the UK economy and on UK as a whole. ... the high net migration but also because of increasing life expectance and fertility), a city the size of Birmingham must be constructed every two and a half years in order to meet the growing needs!' Apart from the obvious problems of over-population and lack of space in the society, a huge negative immigration can have many other consequences to the common Britisher. Sir Andrew Green, the Chairman of Migration Watch UK said on the November 4th, 2007 edition of The Sunday Times; 'Failure to act now will mean that our society will be changed beyond recognition - and especially our cities. London is one-third immigrant and half of all babies born there have a foreign parent. Other large cities will follow. According to one academic study, the ethnic community in Britain will grow from 9% to 29% by mid-century. There is every reason for concern. The Commission for Racial Equality's final report spoke frankly about growing segregation and of our society "fracturing", with bonds of solidarity across different groups weakening, and tensions between people increasing. These are serious warnings. The Commission Racial Equality was in denial about the role of mass immigration in all this but the rest of us can see it clearly.' (Sir Green A., 2007, Sunday Times). Putting this fact aside too, other problems such as the cheaper immigrant labor being absorbed into the workforce while one million (according to independent studies) laborers who would like to work but cannot do so because certain laborers are charging below the market rate for their services emerge. However, it is apparent that there must be certain advantages of having a high number of immigrants into the economy. For example, the injection of foreigners into the economy means that they can do those things which

Final report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final report - Essay Example The target audiences of the kit is both children and adults. To facilitate the programming of the kit, a programming language referred to as NXT has been developed by LEGO. This programming language gives everyone the ability to possess full control of the Lego Mindstorm Kit (Valk). The use of this programming language if efficient even for people who lack programming language skills. This project is aimed at constructing a programming a robot that has the ability to pick balls from the ground, carry the ball for at least one meter following a black line drawn on the ground and place the ball in a container 0.50 metres high. A LEGOÂ ® MINDSTORMSÂ ® NXT 2.0 kit will be utilized in building and programing the robot. The choice of this kit among other robotics platform was very carefully chosen due to various reasons. The kit fulfilled several requirements. This requirements are; it has an architecture which has made able to be programmed efficiently at different complexity levels. Moreover, the kit is exploitable at many levels of complexity. And finally, it’s simple yet equipped with robust functionality which are expandable. The equipment also has several advantages which include very short start – up time, the setup process does not involve electrical wiring, among other advantages. Lego Mindstorm NXT, which is a kit used to program robots, is dated back to 2001 when it was released by LEGO (Nguyen). The kit is advantageous over other robotic programming kits since it has the ability to interact efficiently with the outside world by use of input and output sensors. Moreover, Lego Mindstorm platform has the powerful ability to support a wide variety of sensors which include the EOPD sensors, the compass sensors, the Acceleration sensors, the Gyroscope sensors among many others. With this sensors, the developed robot is able to harvest signals from the environment in order to carry out the predefined tasks. To

History - Civil War and Dictatorship in Spain - Was it justified to Essay

History - Civil War and Dictatorship in Spain - Was it justified to describe the international volunteers who fought for the Republic during the Spanish Civil W - Essay Example What do we mean with the term ‘Moscow’? How is ‘Moscow’ linked to the civil war? What and who were the international volunteers and what were their links with ‘Moscow’? And lastly, what did the volunteers fight for and did they know what they were fighting for? There are several views on what the war was about. Rather than expound in such a short paper the wide range of perspectives depending on which side of the political and social spectrum lies each viewer and opinion giver, it may be sufficient for our purposes to identify two of the extremist views about the Spanish civil war. On one side are people like Beevor (1983) who view the civil war as a military uprising against a legitimate communist government that was carrying out a revolution as part of a Marxist class struggle aimed at reforming the corrupt economic and social structures of the time. Inspired by the success of the 1917 Russian revolution and driven by new ideologies for the liberation of peoples, several agents of change inside and outside Spain saw the Russian model as an applicable and pragmatic solution to social problems. The people (proletariat), therefore, fought back and waged war against a military force that wanted to topple the legitimately elected government. On the other side you Arrarà ¡s (1968) and Carroll (1996) who see the civil war as a crusade fought to preserve Spain’s culture, mainly their religion, and poetically compares it with the country’s long 700-year war against Islam (Artieta 33). Carroll claims (6) that contrary to declarations by the politician who would later on become the President of Spain, Manuel Azaà ±a, who in a major speech in October 1931 stated that â€Å"Spain had ceased to be Catholic† (Payne 49), most Spaniards remained devoted to their Catholic religion. For Carroll, therefore, the majority of the people supported the military in the civil war. Spain in the 1930s was in turmoil, as were other European nations after

The number of migrants in the world has more than doubled since 1975 Essay

The number of migrants in the world has more than doubled since 1975. Discuss, with specific reference to UK - Essay Example Moreover, according to reports from the Office of National Statistics the net migration into UK was roughly 189,000 between mid-2005 and mid-2006. Also, the overall migration in to the UK since 1994 has been estimated to be in excess of 2 million people. These staggering figures all point to the fact that the negative net migration is contributing hugely to the population expansion in UK. There are numerous reasons for this. One view claims that this is a direct consequence of the respective immigration policies in the UK and outside it and is hence a consequence of a choice made by the policymakers. However, migration demographics gathered from other countries seems to contradict this theory and suggest that in addition to the UK immigration policy, this is more due to the economic forces working silently behind the scenes.1 Hatton summarizes in his paper that relative income, immigration policy and inequality all have a role to play in the inducement to migrate to or from UK. However, he wraps up his paper by saying that patterns of unemployment and relative income have a comparatively smaller impact on the migration of UK when compared to UK inequality and relative policy disparities between UK and rest of the Europe in specific and rest of the world in general. This has huge implications on the UK economy and on UK as a whole. ... the high net migration but also because of increasing life expectance and fertility), a city the size of Birmingham must be constructed every two and a half years in order to meet the growing needs!' Apart from the obvious problems of over-population and lack of space in the society, a huge negative immigration can have many other consequences to the common Britisher. Sir Andrew Green, the Chairman of Migration Watch UK said on the November 4th, 2007 edition of The Sunday Times; 'Failure to act now will mean that our society will be changed beyond recognition - and especially our cities. London is one-third immigrant and half of all babies born there have a foreign parent. Other large cities will follow. According to one academic study, the ethnic community in Britain will grow from 9% to 29% by mid-century. There is every reason for concern. The Commission for Racial Equality's final report spoke frankly about growing segregation and of our society "fracturing", with bonds of solidarity across different groups weakening, and tensions between people increasing. These are serious warnings. The Commission Racial Equality was in denial about the role of mass immigration in all this but the rest of us can see it clearly.' (Sir Green A., 2007, Sunday Times). Putting this fact aside too, other problems such as the cheaper immigrant labor being absorbed into the workforce while one million (according to independent studies) laborers who would like to work but cannot do so because certain laborers are charging below the market rate for their services emerge. However, it is apparent that there must be certain advantages of having a high number of immigrants into the economy. For example, the injection of foreigners into the economy means that they can do those things which

History - Civil War and Dictatorship in Spain - Was it justified to Essay

History - Civil War and Dictatorship in Spain - Was it justified to describe the international volunteers who fought for the Republic during the Spanish Civil W - Essay Example What do we mean with the term ‘Moscow’? How is ‘Moscow’ linked to the civil war? What and who were the international volunteers and what were their links with ‘Moscow’? And lastly, what did the volunteers fight for and did they know what they were fighting for? There are several views on what the war was about. Rather than expound in such a short paper the wide range of perspectives depending on which side of the political and social spectrum lies each viewer and opinion giver, it may be sufficient for our purposes to identify two of the extremist views about the Spanish civil war. On one side are people like Beevor (1983) who view the civil war as a military uprising against a legitimate communist government that was carrying out a revolution as part of a Marxist class struggle aimed at reforming the corrupt economic and social structures of the time. Inspired by the success of the 1917 Russian revolution and driven by new ideologies for the liberation of peoples, several agents of change inside and outside Spain saw the Russian model as an applicable and pragmatic solution to social problems. The people (proletariat), therefore, fought back and waged war against a military force that wanted to topple the legitimately elected government. On the other side you Arrarà ¡s (1968) and Carroll (1996) who see the civil war as a crusade fought to preserve Spain’s culture, mainly their religion, and poetically compares it with the country’s long 700-year war against Islam (Artieta 33). Carroll claims (6) that contrary to declarations by the politician who would later on become the President of Spain, Manuel Azaà ±a, who in a major speech in October 1931 stated that â€Å"Spain had ceased to be Catholic† (Payne 49), most Spaniards remained devoted to their Catholic religion. For Carroll, therefore, the majority of the people supported the military in the civil war. Spain in the 1930s was in turmoil, as were other European nations after

Keeping Marine Mammals in Captivity Essay Example for Free

Keeping Marine Mammals in Captivity Essay Problem (2 Points) Does captivity affect the overall health and behavior of marine mammals? Research (2 Points) Wild Animals Habitat: Open ocean Diet: Krill Behavior: Friendly Captivity Habitat: Tank of ocean water, replicated to appear like the ocean. Diet: Krill caught in the ocean, fed three times a day. Behavior: Friendly to other mammals within the tank. Hypothesis (4 Points) If we keep marine animals in captivity for over a year, then their health and behavior will be negatively impacted. Procedure (4 Points) 1. Set up area in both wild and captive areas for testing. 2. Choose the same marine mammal for both the wild and captive area to test. 3. Tag and assess health of the wild marine mammal. Asses the health of the  captive mammal. 4. Monitor mammals for a year. 5. Record their behavior with detail and accuracy. 6. Asses health and behavior of both mammals after one year. Analysis (4 Points) The animals in captivity appeared to be healthier and friendly to their tank mates. They were fed organic krill and were fed regularly, but were very nervous and slightly hostile to outside animals once they were exposed. The animals that were not in captivity fed on their own time but were not necessarily unhealthy. They were not hostile to other mammals and peacefully coexisted with other mammals in the ocean. Conclusion (2 Points) My results did not support my hypothesis. The mammals kept in captivity were healthier than the mammals in the wild, due to controlled setting, and regular nutritious diet. However their behavior was negatively impacted. They were nervous and somewhat hostile towards the wild mammals once exposed to the wild. Grammar/Spelling (2 Points) Once you complete designing your own experiment, check the assignment for directions on how to submit your final product to your instructor.

Police Should Not Have Unlimited Power Criminology Essay

Police Should Not Have Unlimited Power Criminology Essay Corruption of authority is when an officer receives some form of material gain by virtue of their position as a police officer without violating the law. Police may use their authority to get some extra income when dealing with criminal. It is most commonly happen when police dealing with traffic offenders or maybe a murder. Police may receive some pocket money, when the traffic offenders are trying to escape from traffic tickets. It happens every day in our real life. Bribery will be happen if the murder criminal is a richer, they can even escaped arrested with money. So when bribery is happen, the richer criminals do not need to be punished by law. The truth cannot be found, the victim cannot find the murderer. The unsolved crime is gradually increased. Favoritism and nepotism also is the reason may cause innocent. Police may actually protect the people they would like to protect, such as their family even they are likely to be criminals. The fabrication and destruction of evidence may happen due to escape legal of sanctions. With such behavior, is often result more victims and more innocent events. This is actually unfair to the public. These are also the reason why we still have lot of unsolved crime in our country. Police are human, human are prone to error. Unlimited power means police dont have to abbey the law or the constitution. Meaning they are allow to do absolutely anything to the suspects of the crime. There is now the era of numerous incidents of police brutality against criminal suspects resulting in serious injuries and deaths. The police may use abuse on the suspects who may actually innocent. There have been several cases involving. This was certainly the case in the deaths of three innocent school boys who were shot dead by the police. The police said they ignored orders to surrender and opened fire at police personnel. It was great suspicion of foul play, because there is no witnesses, no police cars with bullet shots, no wounded policemen. Where there is a death by police shooting, the authority alleges that the deceased attacked and the police acted in self defense. Families of those shot dead have often protested that the deceased had no history or track record of any crimina l activity, again raising questions about the veracity of police claims. The police may assume the things they do to be helping society, such acts may include violence towards the suspect. However, the victim may feel unfair, but still, since the right is given to the police, they are not responsible in inflicting damages to the victim. A string of vicious murders by the police on suspects have left the nation loathe and distrust the police for the police force. It is very difficult to believe that these deaths are caused by the very institution is supposed to protect and preserve justice, even to those who are suspected individuals. This is not the usual situation of having to put up with police corruption, misconduct, mistreatment and heavy-handedness as part of our life everyday life. It will continue to happen as long as the police have the discretion and unlimited power in their hands to interpret as they like the Federal Constitution. Social unrest may also occur due to the police having unlimited powers, the victim may feel unfair due to police corruption. Riots might happen due to the seeking of justice for the victim may result. Social unrest may cause our country political unstable. Social unrest not only will cause the loss of many innocent lives, it will also in the drop of our economic level, Foreign investors will no longer take interest in investing in a country with internal conflicts. Such an incident is similar to that of the 1992 Los Angeles riots which were sparked when the jury acquitted four police officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King when he resisted arrest. Looting, assault, arson and even murder occurred. The country took a long time to settle the unrest, resulting in loss of revenue for the country. This shows how a country can adversely affected due to unlimited powers given to the police, this all actually can be avoid. It is important to the government to overlook the effect of giving such right to the police before doing so ensure best to the country and its people. In my opinion, police should not have unlimited power when dealing with crime. Although the police have ether assumed or have been assigned responsibility for dealing with many more of complex crime and social problem, but their job is to service people. The mission of police is to control crime, we expect them to perform, a crime control role. They should not be giving authority to judge a criminal. Their job is to find out the criminal and left them to legal sanctions.

Essay on the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Beowulf is Certainly an Epic :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf is an Epic The early English epic Beowulf is filled with a marvelous hero, ghastly villains , far off lands , and deeds of great valor. These are some of the reasons why Beowulf is a great example of an early English epic. Beowulf is an epic because it has action that consists of deeds of great valor , the setting of Beowulf is in vast scope covering great lands and far off places , and the hero of the story , Beowulf , is of imposing stature of international and international importance. One reason that Beowulf is an epic is because the action consists of deeds of great valor. Beowulf told a story of when he killed nine sea-beasts with his sword. He also said," I returned from a fight when I destroyed five a family of giants ," which proves the great strength that Beowulf had. When Beowulf talked about going to fight Grendel , he denied himself the use of a sword because he wanted a fair hand-to-hand fight with Grendel. When one of Hroathgars' coast guards set eyes upon Beowulf he said ,"I have never set eyes on a more noble man , you are no mere retainer." Although the action in Beowulf consists of great deeds , the setting of the story is vast scope covering great lands and far off places. Beowulf said that his father was favored far and wide because he was a very noble lord. "The swift current , the surging water carried me to the far off Land of the Lapps ," said Beowulf as he told a story to one of Hroathgars' retainers. When Beowulf talked of where Grendel lived he said ,"These two live in a little known country with wolf-slopes , windswept headlands where a mountain stream plunges." The protagonist of Beowulf , Beowulf , is a figure of national and international importance with great historical and legendary significance. "Then he who feared no man , the proud leader of the Geats," said the author about Beowulf before he went to seek Grendel. Another example the narrator uses to show the importance of Beowulf is ,"Truly , the leader of the Geats fervently

The Marine Assault on Tinian Essay -- Battle for Tinian

Introduction Tinian is a small island in the Marianas group lying approximately 3,500 miles west of Hawaii and 1,400 miles southeast of Tokyo Japan. The island was discovered by Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the island of Guam first in 1521. The island remained under Spanish control for centuries. Tinian remained under Spanish control until the Spanish-American war of 1898, when the American cruiser USS Charleston entered the harbor in Guam to claim that island. Spain took notice at the end of the war and sold the remaining islands of the Marianas to include Tinian to Germany. Germany’s regime lasted shortly when the first world war and seized the Mariana Islands except for Guam which remained under US control. The native people of the Marianas are known as Chamorros, and the native language is Chamorro. Although the original language is now mixed with Spanish, German, and Japanese, it is still thought until today. During the Second World War after the attack on Pearl Harbor Guam was also attacked and seized by the Japanese military this is when the Pacific war had begun. The United States now focused their attention on the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and the Mariana Islands. Hoping to capture Guam back from the Japanese, United States also wanted to capture the remaining islands. These islands would be in the front lines of the war in the Pacific. 1 History Why did the United States Military want to take control of Tinian? The island would be the new home of the newly created Twentieth Air Force. The United States saw Ushi Point Airfield as the perfect location to set up the air base, which would land its B-29s while en route to bomb Japan. The Marines also needed to take control of Tinian in order to prevent the Japanese ... ...n the plan of attack, and a realistic logistics plan that can keep abreast of the attack. These few principles have been the keys to victory countless times in the past and will continue to unlock the door to victory on the battlefields of the future. These are the lessons that are the heritage of the Tinian Battle, and we still use and also improve on by planning. The Battle for Tinian is one of the most successful planned amphibious operations in history.11 Works Cited Allan, May. Marine Assault on Tinian. Volume 13. July 1998. Prefer, Nathan. The Battle for Tinian. Philadelphia: United States of America and Great Britain by Casemate Publishers. 2012. LtGen William K. Jones, USMC(Ret). Marine Corps Gazette. Marine Corps Association: Marine Corps Association Jun 1988. Major Hoffman, Carl. The seizure of Tinian. Washington DC Printing: 1951