Case Study #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HE 491 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HE 491 - Article Example They found the jobs of expert and political joint effort, and generally speaking felt enabled to have any kind of effect in their vocations. Bosom Cancer Advocacy Internship An investigation on bosom malignant growth promotion preparing upheld a requirement for understudies ‘to become politically dynamic experts who partake in associations that help them expertly, however which influence the wellbeing and prosperity of the networks wherein they live and serve.’ This examination uncovered that numerous understudies had an expanded feeling of association with the issue of bosom disease anticipation and mindfulness through support preparing. They built up a feeling of strengthening in having the option to affect the issue through political mindfulness and support activity. This examination made them increasingly mindful of genuine handy uses of what they were hypothetically realizing inside the study halls. It allowed the understudies to investigate imaginative ways to deal with the problem, just as become expertly mindful of the coordinated effort required among the expert and political network. More than anything, understudies built up a need to keep moving and a need to turn out to be effectively engaged with the issues encompassing bosom malignant growth mindfulness, avoidance, and research in their own networks.

The Importance of Managing Stress When You Have OCD

The Importance of Managing Stress When You Have OCD OCD Living With OCD Print Managing Stress When You Have OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 07, 2019 mikkelwilliam / Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Understanding Stress Stress as an Event Stress as a Reaction Stress as a Transaction Coping Strategies Essential View All Back To Top If you have obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD), you can likely tell that stress is a major trigger of your  OCD symptoms. In addition, as the anxiety caused by your stress often causes you to use poor coping strategies like avoidance, stress can get in the way of treatment for OCD. Because of this, its vital to understand what stress is and how to cope with it. Understanding Stress Although we have all experienced stressful situations at one time or another, it can be difficult to explain exactly what stress is. Stress can be viewed from three different perspectives: as an event, a reaction, or a transaction. Stress as an Event Stress can be classified as an event, in which case the event is called a stressor. Examples of major stressors include getting divorced, being laid off from work, or being diagnosed with a serious illness. Daily hassles such as getting a parking ticket or forgetting to pick up milk on the way home can also be thought of as stressors. In general, the more long-standing, uncontrollable, unpredictable, and ambiguous you perceive a stressor to be, the more negative its impact will be on your well-being. People with OCD often report experiencing an increase in the number or severity of stressors just prior to their symptoms becoming worse. Stress as a Reaction Stress can also be thought of as how we react to an event. The classic stress response is the “fight or flight” reaction in which your body activates a number of physical and behavioral defense mechanisms to deal with an impending threat. This includes the release of specific hormones, the activation of stress-sensitive brain regions, an increase in your heart rate and blood pressure, and a decrease in appetite and sexual activity. All of these changes are designed to keep us alive in the face of danger. It makes sense that its often these physical and psychological symptoms that we are detecting when we say that we feel stressed out. Although the fight or flight reaction is helpful in the short-term, it puts a strain on our systems and can contribute to a variety of physical and mental illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and anxiety disorders,  if it goes on for too long. Stress as a Transaction Another way we can think of stress is as a state that results from a transaction between you and your environment. In this model of stress, your environment is constantly making demands on you such as getting to work on time, paying monthly bills, resolving conflicts with friends or co-workers, or parenting children. In turn, youre supposed to be able to bring a number of resources such as time, money, knowledge, skill, and social support to help meet the demands placed on you by the environment. According to this model, if you believe that you dont have the resources you need to deal with the demands placed on you, you feel stress. A nice feature of this model of stress is that it accounts for why different people react differently when faced with the same challenges. Not everybody sees the demands of the environment in the same way, and likewise, not everyone sees their capacity to deal with stress in the same way. As such, you can end up having as many different reactions to potentially stressful conditions as you do people. Good Coping Strategies Are Essential When You Have OCD According to the transactional model of stress, the perception of our ability to cope with the demands of the environment is the key to whether we will experience stress or not. Again, if we feel we have the resources to meet the demands of the environment, we probably wont feel as much stress. As such, many types of therapy for OCD focus on developing coping strategies that help you feel like you have more control over events in your environment. The thinking is that the more control you feel, the less stressed you are and the less severe your OCD symptoms become. In general, most psychotherapies emphasize  problem-focused coping. Coping strategies that get to the root of the problem are often far more effective in reducing stress than those that seek to simply manage the emotional distress caused by a situation.

Music and Emotion - 1137 Words

Jack Peluso-Hoffman 24 : 101 : 37 10/10/07 Music Day Music affects people in various ways. Ones reaction to music differs from person to person. It can evoke emotions of both joy and happiness. Music can stir up old memories of different times, places, and people. In the U.S. a major part of life is music, as stated by Natalie Guice Adams and Pamela J. Bettis, â€Å" American institution that can tell us something about ourselves, like jazz, baseball, and cheerleading, are also not static but being created anew with each generation.† (Remix 240.) One can see how large of a role music plays in people’s lives, and that’s why I’m proposing a holiday based on celebrating and enjoying music all over the world. One thing that just about†¦show more content†¦Everyone from popular artists to local bands would hit the stage and play just for the love of music. Free concerts available in just about every town for everyone to enjoy. This would give people a chance to go hear their favorite music artists. Thi s opens up the idea of travel on Music Day. People and their families may want to go see a performer who is far away, and what better way to go on a small family vacation. I can just hear it now, â€Å"Hey Kids pack your bags were going to New York City for Music day.† The key to this aspect of the holiday is for all the concerts to be free of charge, so that way everyone who wants to has the option to go listen to professional musicians. Whether it is the symphony, a bluegrass show, a solo pianists, the latest rap artist, or even a heavy metal band performances would be taking place all day so there is always something for everyone. Parents can go down to the jazz club, or check out an oldies concert while the kids see the local punk bands performing just down the block. This event would of course be massive and require a lot of planning and thought, but a holiday celebrating the joy music brings to our lives is well worth that. Plus Music Day would be a holiday everyone wou ld look forward to. Going to concerts is fun and exciting. People pay big bucks to see professionals do their thing on stage and walk away feeling like they got the best out of their money. The free concerts would be gain public popularity in no time at all,Show MoreRelatedThe Influence Of Music On Emotions995 Words   |  4 PagesEmotions do truly control our life. We act out of fear, love, happiness, hatred, jeoulosy, the list is almost endless. But music has a profound effect on all of them as I stated earlier. Levitin and I both realize it s influence. So why do I always write about the influence of music on emotions. We ll looking at my first essay it is easy to see. I clearly state â€Å" Since music is so psychologically important in my mind, I find it no problem to believe that I am an emotional listener† (personal essayRead MoreEssay on music and emotions1408 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of music affect people’s emotions? Music has many different ways to affe ct people. In some ways, it is good for the body both physically and mentally. In other ways, people think it is nice to listen to. More detailed, music has personalities, which can express what people feel. There are many observations involving different ways to express human emotions. Emotions are very interesting things, especially when they involve music. Music can have many personalities, affect people’s emotions, andRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Audiences Emotions1573 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"The marriage of the moving image and music is perhaps the most powerful visual communication we have. You can take almost any edited visual film sequence and change the emotion and feelings engendered by the use of music.† A quote from director Norman Jewison that shows just how important music has become as a storytelling device alongside film in the past few decades. Before that, some people believed music was a â€Å"fad† accompanying film, something that would go out of fashion as quicklyRead MoreThe Relationshipt between Music and Emotion1075 Words   |  4 PagesMUSIC AND EMOTION: Emotion is defined as a strong feeling deriving from ones circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Music may be defined as vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way to produce beauty of form and harmony. Research indicates that people value music primarily because of the emotions it evokes. Yet, the notion of musical emotions remains controversial, and researchers have so far been unable to offer a satisfactory account of such emotionsRead MoreMusic : Emotion, Language And Rhythm1098 Words   |  5 Pages Music: Emotion, Language and Rhythm/Beat Did you know that your favorite song is probably your favorite, because you associate it with an emotional event in your life? Music is a very strong and influential part of our lives, not only because it allows us to connect with certain situations but, it also allows us to cope with certain situations as well. Often it shows the emotional state in which we are in and we use it in everyday life all the time whether it be at work to concentrate, homeRead MoreCorrelation Between Emotion And Music Performance1730 Words   |  7 PagesThere are studies that aimed to measure the correlation between emotions with other variables, and adding to that, physiological response was also measured in recent researches (Elices et al, 2012, Rollings, 2013). It suggested some parts of the brain are associated with emotions (Miu Baltes, 2012, Mauss Robinson, 2009). When measuring empathy, researchers tend to use tools such as questionnaires and physiological changes when applying a stimuli. The evidence showed the changes of physiologyRead MoreReflection Of Tchaikovsky : The Different Emotions Of Music791 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic is beautiful, it has different emotions. Joy, sorrow, love, and pain for example. Music gives me joy. I can sit for hours listening to different pieces. I love the classical era. Tchaikovsky is an amazing composer, im in love with his 1812 Overture and how he wrote for canons to be fired a total of 16 times. That is so cool! Ive played the viola for 4 years now, and while it wasnt my choice to start, I love playing it immensly. There are times when I cant play a piece the way I would likeRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Positive Psychology And Emotion Essay1891 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The impact of music on positive psychology and emotion is a well known fact. Music has an extraordinary ability to change people’s emotions. In humans, music has the ability to invoke emotions of sadness, happiness and even fear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between music practice and participation on the emotions and well-being of male and female adults. The hypotheses for this study were as follows; Hypothesis 1: Music practice and participationRead MoreHow And Why Are Music And Emotion Linked?2939 Words   |  12 PagesPSYC380 Term 2 Essay 2nd February 2015 How and why are Music and Emotion Linked? School of Psychology, Plymouth University When discussing the link between music and emotion, we first need to attempt to define the concept of emotion. Emotion is rudimentarily defined as a â€Å"complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behaviour† (Myers, 2004). Furthermore, emotion is usually accompanied with physiological changes - but research and opinionRead MoreDeep Listeners : Music, Emotion, And Trancing By Judith Becker Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe book I decided to review is â€Å" Deep Listeners: Music, Emotion, and Trancing† by Judith Becker. I picked this book because I believe that I can relate music induced trancing with my major, which is music therapy. In the introduction Becker begins to discuss how trancing has become more prominent in Northwestern Europe and the United States. Becker describes trancing as, â€Å"empowering, for all concerned, attesting to the divine presence in one’s midst, legitimizing the religio us beliefs and practices

Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet Comparison - 2564 Words

How do any TWO OR MORE plays written between 1580 and 1642 represent the relationships between sexuality, gender and power? (Using Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet) ’The course of true love never did run smooth’ - This is the answer indeed. As well as this we come to understand that with the roughness of love comes indifferent sexualities, gender conflicts and powered bravados that entwine themselves into one big mess to indeed create the established plays we read today. Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet very much represent the themes of sexuality, gender and power through the relationships of their family, lovers and acquaintances during each of these Shakespeare plays. This will be further analysed throughout the essay with evidentiary support†¦show more content†¦It can be easily said that Ophelia does indeed go mad, resulting in her death. Her relationship with all men drive her to this fatality and presenting women’s sexuality, gender and power are miniscule to men’s. Moreover, female sovereignty was uncommon during the Renaissance period. The social structure or hierarchy of the family assured the subjugation of woman under man. This notably witnessed through Hamlet but now we see this same subject area through Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, as well as other underlying themes which will be further discussed. Firstly, male domination is shown in the play through Lord Capulets relationships between his daughter, wife etc. This patriarchal hierarchy formulates a highly powerful male and makes other characters in the play weaker by comparison. Their seems to be an obvious depiction of Lord Capulet; a man who wishes to obtain all familial power and for no woman to defy his final judgments. He is expectant of his wife (Lady Capulet), daughter (Juliet) and his servants to do exactly as he tells them, when he tells them. Remind us of anyone? I think so, this governing fatherly role was before considered throughout Shakespeare’s Hamlet. (Polonius to Ophelia) signifying obvious comparable depictions throughout both of these plays. With historical context/background weShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hometown Of The English Language And The World s Best Dramatist1266 Words   |  6 Pagesin his plays. Suicide was a violent act committed 13 times out of his 37 plays. In Romeo and Pearson3 Juliet , one of Shakespeare’s most popular romantic tragedies, a couple of young star-crossedRead MoreRomeo Juliet: A Dramedy to Remember1358 Words   |  6 Pagesplays occasionally borrow dramatic elements from his tragedies, Shakespeare set a clear division between the lighthearted ambiance found in A Midsummer Nights Dream and the heart wrenching despair that pervades Hamlet. However, Folger Theatre has cleared this divide with fervor. Romeo Juliet, a play that was once the epitome of tragic theatre, is no longer pigeonholed to the tight confines of tragedy in regards to mood and tone. While the original dialogue and themes are unchanged, and the show isRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Most Famous Writers Of All Time1859 Words   |  8 PagesIV and Henry V, where both men disappointed the other, Hamlet recounts the Prince o f Denmark and his quest to live up to the greatness of his deceased father. Hamlet, one of Shakespeare’s most well-known tragic hero, encounters tension in three familial relationships: with his mother, his father, and his step-father. Beginning with Gertrude, the Prince has begun to despise his mother due to her actions following her first husband’s death. Hamlet believes women should not have sexual appetites and believesRead MorePoe vs. Shakespeare Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe and William Shakespeare Brandi Greene University Composition and Communication I/COM155 May 9th, 2013 University of Phoenix The Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe and William Shakespeare Many have been inspired by the likes of Edgar Allen Poe and Shakespeare in literature but, there are similarities and differences between the two. Each author could lure their audiences by the characteristics of their writing. Their places in society alsoRead MoreEssay on William Shakespeares Hamlet movie756 Words   |  4 Pages I am not a big fan of the 1990 movie version of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, starring Mel Gibson. I feel that while it stands alone as a very well made movie and contains great acting performances throughout, I think that it strays too far from the original text and layout of the play. The omissions and transposing makes the play weaker, and while it is a great screenplay, it fails in comparison to Shakespeare’s original work. The three things which bother me the most are the omission of FortinbrasRead MoreFemale Characters Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet2248 Words   |  9 Pagesexamining their actions and lines. The characters analyzed are Ophelia from Hamlet, Cordelia from King Lear, Katherine from The Taming of the Shrew, Goneril from King Lear and Lady Macbeth from Macbeth. Nevertheless, some female protagonists of Shakespeare’s work do not fall in to this category and exceed the limitations of others. Therefore this paper proposes alternative characters such as Juliet from Romeo and Juliet and Portia from The Merchant of Venice that are rather more complex and difficultRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnets : The Greatest Of All Love Poems1465 Words   |  6 Pagesworks have remained a popular subject in the world of literature for centuries to come. â€Å"Shakespeare has completely dominated the English-speaking state over the last four hundred years.† When thinking of Shakespeare, his famous plays such Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are usually the first to come to mind. However, very few people realize he was also one of the most significant writers of all time. â€Å"He [Shakespeare] was the most admired writer in the country by the time he was thirty and the owner ofRead MoreA Comparison of the Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet1789 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of the Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet I have been studying the prologue to Romeo and Juliet written by the magnificent playwright, William Shakespeare sometime between 1594 and 1596. Still globally acknowledgedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare1735 Words   |  7 Pagesat some point, but who is he? William Shakespeare, the man who has influenced our culture through his various literary works. What is the truth behind the brilliant man whom penned the renowned words filling the pages of the ever significant Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, or The Tempest? William Shakespeare was born William Shakspere. Aside from contemporary and popular belief, it is a common misconception that his last name included the â€Å"e† after the â€Å"k† and the â€Å"a† after the â€Å"pe†.Read MoreEssay on Language and Imagery in The Tragedy of Hamlet1358 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet:   Language and Imagery      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Horatio tells Hamlet that he speaks ‘wild and whirling words’, but with Shakespeare, this can never truly be the case. Even phrases that appear so have always a complex meter behind them and, in Hamlet especially, it seems that every word is chosen individually to serve a particular purpose. Despite being almost four hundred years old, Shakespeare is considered the landmark in English literature as the dawning of the modern age of drama. Previously

My Space To Breathe Free Essays

I have several Indian friends in the Los Angeles area, with whom I have shared good times and bad.   I have slept in their homes, and even been considered by their parents a genuine part of their families.   Yet I disliked the fact that Indian families can often act only the basis of emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on My Space To Breathe or any similar topic only for you Order Now    I blamed their emotionally charged natures on the Indian soap operas they watched day after day.   I disliked those Indian shows even though I had watched only two of them in my entire life.   Still, I knew that it was best not to feel negative emotions in myself. The Indian dramas that my friends’ families loved to watch daily were just slow motion pictures in my opinion.   Each moment of each drama focused on lethargic and unreal adventures in emotions.   Nothing went very far.   Crying; getting offensive about everything under the bright blue sky; and blaming one another were the themes of these shows.   I disliked them with all my heart.   And, whenever it was time for my friends’ families to watch those Indian shows, I found myself leaving their homes.   I was even uncomfortable leaving in those moments, given that my own negative emotions were obnoxious enough to seem to strangle me because I did not understand them at all. In order to understand these emotions, despite the fact that I loved my Indian â€Å"families,† I made an effort to watch â€Å"Kyunke Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thee† (2006) with my friends another time.   While watching the show this time, I was observant of my own reactions and feelings.   At the same time, I observed the others in the TV lounge watching the show with me.   Two of the aunts of my friend, Vijay, sobbed during the show.   I tried to suppress my own strange emotions at this point.   As luck would have it,  Vijay, his mom, and his dad started to laugh during the show soon after I had witnessed his sobbing aunts!   I relaxed there and then, and from that point on, the show was a breeze. Even though â€Å"Kyunke Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thee† lasts only thirty minutes each time, five days a week, I disliked it the first two times I watched it.   I had witnessed real sad emotional dramas in my Indian friends’ homes before I had watched the show, which was perhaps the main reason why I detested the emotion packed drama on television.   I believed that it was the TV drama that had taught my Indian friends to overreact to issues.   I also believed that this drama was a bad influence on me!   Obviously, I was being oversensitive at the same time as I blamed the drama for teaching oversensitivity to its viewers.   Besides, I was not thinking that it is the individual himself with the prerogative to allow conditioning of any sort.   Nobody can force us to be influenced by anything. Now I have stopped detesting the Indian shows that I previously could not digest.   I can stay in my friends’ homes as long as I please.   Apart from this, I have understood that my Indian â€Å"families† have a right to feel and believe whatever they do.   Choosing emotions over the intellect many a times is their choice and responsibility.   And if I love them, I must do so regardless of the different perspectives we have about dealing with ourselves and others.   While I imagine that I am granting my Indian friends this â€Å"space to breathe,† in actuality this space is mine to occupy.   I give up my negative emotions today – and for ever.   For sure, it was difficult to breathe in negativity. References Star Plus. (30 December 2006). â€Å"Kyunke Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thee.† TV Series.    How to cite My Space To Breathe, Essay examples

Why Dont People Help in a Crisis

The death of Kitty Genovese was one of the horrendous acts have that ever happened in the history of crime. The heinous crime witnessed one of the human incapability in offering help to others in an emergency situation. Of all the Genovese neighbors, no one came to help her when she was attacked. Surprisingly, it is alleged by the witnesses that it took more than 30 minutes for the murderer to kill Genovese.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Don’t People Help in a Crisis? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The time was enough to rescue her. For many years, the same trend of not reacting towards helping others among humans has been observed. Sociologists have observed this trend and have always tried to explain the reasons of such irresponsibility. It is important for moral responsibility to be observed by everyone in the society. Such a contentious discussion is still being investigated. Nevertheless, the murder story of Genovese also raised issues such as what should be done to criminals, who have intentions to kill without reasonable doubts. Some critics argue that the punishment for murders should be death sentence, while others view it as unnecessary action that does not protect lives. The following discussion gives an insight into why people are reluctant to help others and why death sentence, torture or capital punishment should be reviewed on convicted murderers. One important concept that emerges from the issue of people not helping others is the diffusion of responsibilities. According to sociologists, the diffusion of responsibility is the solitary reason behind people being inactive in situations that require emergency help. Diffusion of responsibility will emanate from the aspects that will be discussed further. First, a bystander response research indicates that there is always a â€Å"psychological withdrawal with an individual who is among a crowd of other personsâ₠¬  (Hirschberg Hirschberg 768). In this case, the individual becomes a little bit indifferent. However, the bystanders or, in this case, the crime witnesses do not necessarily become indifferent, but experience inhibition of any possible responsibility. For example signs of â€Å"nervousness is observed among the witnesses† (769).Interestingly, their actions towards helping in an emergency situation may be inhibited by culture. For example, the American culture does not allow people to interfere with other people’s privacy. It is perceived to be â€Å"bad manners to interfere with others privacy in America† (769).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This may be another reason as to why Genovese neighbors never came to rescue the victim. In any case, the evidence given by the witnesses’ shows that victim only heard screams, but never witnessed the act of killing. In this case, â€Å"seeing is not the same as believing† (769). Another inhibitor may be lack of proper interpretation regarding an emergency situation. If a bystander or witness does not deem a situation to be of emergency nature, then the bystander will be reluctant to intervene in such situations. For all these types of inhibitions to be fully functional, an environment that depicts a presence of other onlookers is always evidenced. Basically, the inhibition only occurs when the bystander in question is among other bystanders. In essence, the inhibition affects other bystanders as well. Nonetheless, â€Å"the underlying emergency always seems to affect the unresponsive bystanders in any instance† (769). This shows that the bystanders are not indifferent or lack apathy, but are nervous. As indicated earlier, a majority of people who are among a crowd fail to react due to responsibility diffusion (Hirschberg Hirschberg 770). From this perspective, people tend to thi nk that another person witnessing the event has equal responsibilities, thus the reluctance to respond first. This may have been in the case of Genovese, where each neighbor might have thought that others were watching Genovese or the murderer. The filtration of the responsibility is psychological. However, in a scenario where â€Å"the emergency is witnessed by a single person, the response is always instantaneous† (770). Nevertheless, in the case of Genovese, the incapability of the witnesses to respond to the cries of the woman should not inhibit the justice system. This means that, without reasonable doubts, the death sentence passed to the murderer is justifiable. Many years later, Genovese murderer appealed against the death sentence ruling. The murderer through his lawyer argued that the case was passed unfairly, considering that the murderer’s lawyer during the trial was once the victim’s lawyer. The murderer’s lawyer argued that the sentence shou ld be reduced to life imprisonment. It is through such judicial sentences that the question of torture in the judicial system is revisited. The appealing of the death sentence, questions the integrity of providing justice to the victims of those who were innocently killed. The reduction of those does not only undermine the fact that such crimes need to be deterred, but also undermines giving reprieve to the victim’s family members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Don’t People Help in a Crisis? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are arguments that death sentence cannot bring back the victim. Of course, it cannot bring back the victim, but it is important to understand that most of the murderers have an intent that is associated with an ideology. Genovese murder had previously committed many other killings and raping and thus was acting out of an ideology. These acts are similar to those of a terrorist who subscribe to a certain ideology. The murderer confessed that he was looking for someone to hunt down and kill that night. This is an unremorseful act that was done out of will. Reducing death sentence to life imprisonment is like protecting a criminal’s ideology to live on. â€Å"Death sentence is the ultimate punishment for people who do not value human life â€Å"(Banner 281). It is without doubt that victims who succumb to murderers do not get themselves killed intentionally. Probably, Genovese would not have been killed if the law had nabbed the murderer earlier and passed a death sentence. Sociologists’ term the heinous acts by serial killers as just but a game. To sociologists, serial killers are enslaved to acts of crime for the purpose of public recognition. In this context, it would be morally wrong to just disregard the judicial authority on passing death sentence to such criminals. The murder of Genovese was no game, though was portrayed as such by the killer. The justice system should therefore perceive such as a mockery to justice. In conclusion, it is important to acknowledge the fact that it is the moral duty of everyone to help others. Whether such acts of humanity are triggered â€Å"psychologically by apathy or lack of indifference or not, it remains a moral duty to all persons† (Hirschberg Hirschberg 768). It is sometimes deemed selfish not to help others. This calls for change of attitude and culture that promotes selfishness. On the other hand, acts that take away lives should not go unpunished. In fact, â€Å"death sentence is the best punishment for murder† (Bienen 147). The protection of lives, the closure of victim’s families and deterrence of future cold blood murder, should always guide the passing of a death sentence. Works Cited Banner, Stuart. The death penalty: An American history, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bienen, B., Leigh. Murder and its consequences: Essays on capital punishment in America, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2010. Print. Hirschberg, Stuart, and Terry Hirschberg. The millennium reader, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. This essay on Why Don’t People Help in a Crisis? was written and submitted by user Landon Bowers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Dialect

and poorly constructed sentances, â€Å"Git up! What you ‘bout.† They mostly conversed only with their fellow workers and children, and were not needing a formal education. Somewhere between these two stereotypes belongs the character Huckleberry Finn. He was raised by his abusive alcoholic father, learning the ways of solitude in nature and survival on the river. Later in his childhood though, he was taken in by a caring, upper class woman who nurtures him like the mother he never had, teaching him the ways of the bible and school. She also added to his kind personality. Huck is raised with both sides of lifestyles; half rich, half poor. This gives him the unique personality he has, being unconforming yet very caring. Twain’s knowledge of these not only makes his books more interesting, but accurate in the presentation of American cultures.... Free Essays on The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Dialect Free Essays on The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Dialect The land of the Mississippi is well known for it’s rich heritage and unique dialect. Mark Twain had a good understanding of this, and lifetime of experience with it. He knew a person’s history could roughly be predicted by the manner of their speaking. Such as rich, well bred, educated citizens often had a voice containing a large vocabulary, finely pronounced words, and produced easily understood sentences. This gave them the essence of ellegence and class, and as Twain put it, â€Å"He was well born, and that’s worth as much in a man as it is in a horse.† On the other end of citezenship was the un-schooled, un-privilaged, and poor slaves and servents. Their upbringing was focused less on impressing people with their intelligense, and more on survival, tolerance, and hard work. Their speech was hardly understandable. It consisted of broken words and poorly constructed sentances, â€Å"Git up! What you ‘bout.† They mostly conversed only with t heir fellow workers and children, and were not needing a formal education. Somewhere between these two stereotypes belongs the character Huckleberry Finn. He was raised by his abusive alcoholic father, learning the ways of solitude in nature and survival on the river. Later in his childhood though, he was taken in by a caring, upper class woman who nurtures him like the mother he never had, teaching him the ways of the bible and school. She also added to his kind personality. Huck is raised with both sides of lifestyles; half rich, half poor. This gives him the unique personality he has, being unconforming yet very caring. Twain’s knowledge of these not only makes his books more interesting, but accurate in the presentation of American cultures....

Business Ethics Essay Sample

Business Ethics Essay Sample Essay about Business Ethics The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines ethics as â€Å"the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.† The dictionary also offers another definition of the term as, â€Å"a set of moral principles or a theory or system of moral values.† In short, ethics is simply man’s moral codes or values. Because of ethics, man has been able to classify some actions and activities as good and others as bad, fair and unfair, just and unjust, proper and improper, as well as moral and immoral. Just like men, businesses are also guided by a set of principles which help to make sure that organizations are accountable to their employees, the government, the environment, and finally the public or the society. Businesses are not independent of the law and just like people are bound by the law, they are as well and are expected to fully honor the statutes. While people might think that organizations are about making profits, it is essential to note that they are expected to do so while functioning within the set principles. However, it is important to ask, what does business ethics involve, and how can businesses remain ethical and still be profitable. The above questions form the basis of this article, and the author will provide details of what business ethics entail while also explaining how businesses can remain ethical while still aiming for their ultimate goal of attaining the highest levels of profitability. Business ethics simply involves conducting business activities with a human touch for purposes of giving welfare to the society. First of all, it is important to understand that businesses are obligated to their employees in that they are required to make sure that their employees are well paid, protected, and are working in a conducive environment. Businesses are also obligated to the government in that they are expected to always adhere to the law, explore within the confines of the law, and finally, forward real figures that truly reflect the profits made. It is also upon a business to make sure that the clients are treated with respect, and that the goods and services being offered are harmless, and of high-quality. Secondly, business ethics also involves accepting and abiding the relevant codes of practice that guide and dictate behavior in the specific sector a business is in. Governments and other international bodies often expect businesses to conduct themselves as per the codes of the specific industry they are in. For example, it is the expectation of the government that banks will always abide by the set rules and also never try to sabotage the economy of the country. Each sector has its own set of rules which are punishable if breached. The general expectation is that all organizations will respect their respective umbrella industry and fulfill their promise of compliance. Finally, business ethics also details an organization’s accountability or responsibility for the effects or the impacts of its decisions either on the environment or the community. The above can simply be summed up as corporate social responsibility. Nature dictates that with every action there is an ensuing reaction and every decision a business makes often has a definite impact on the community or the environment. With regards to business ethics, every organization is, therefore, required to act responsibly and to be accountable to the society as well as the environment. In conclusion, without ethics, business would not be held liable to any of their actions. Business ethics form the basis of organizational behavior and therefore, their inception was essential.

Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity Program (C.A.F.E.) Essay

Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity Program (C.A.F.E.) - Essay Example According to the research findings, Starbucks has not been left behind and has also joined the campaign to make the livelihood of the people better through the Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity Program (C.A.F.E.) practices program. Environmental care and sustainability form the basis of a positive society, a fact clearly reflected through C.A.F.E. This program ensures that the coffee firm outsources its raw materials in a sustainable way that safeguards the lives of the farmers and the environment. Through this program, Starbucks gives back to the community through developing their lives and making them self-reliant and empowered. However, this program does not work in isolation. The initiative works in similar dynamics like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) initiative in two main dimensions. First, they both empower civil organizations in regulating the activities of their jurisdictive organizations. More so, they help in achieving line sustainability missions for the people in their areas of operation. This paper compares the two initiatives in terms of the two main areas of similarity in order to know their effectiveness. Both initiatives have hugely empowered the civil groups as regulators in their social responsibility plans. First, they have done so by outsourcing some of the services from the civil groups. Starbucks, for example, has outsourced the carbon sustainability area to SCS Global, which sets the standard for their carbon sustainability limits. SCS Global is also tasked with setting the standards for other sustainability initiatives that are undertaken by Starbucks in order to ensure that the organization is acting within correct limits of sustainability. On the other hand, according to Dacy, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has outsourced their initiatives to social groups in the United Kingdom that deal with forest initiatives and school in order for them to help in regulating the level of sustainability that they push into the forestry. Fo rest Stewardship Council (FSC) has also outsourced to government-sponsored forest rehabilitation centers to enhance the scope of sustainability of the initiative.

International Hotel DEvelopment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Hotel DEvelopment - Essay Example Hotels are one of the most profitable enterprises of this industry, particularly luxury hotels. Unlike upscale and upper upscale hotels, although luxury hotels offer many of the same features and give relatively the same living experience, it is their exclusive nature that sets them apart from other such hotels (Barsky, 2001). With only a few hotels per country classified in the highest tier of luxury hotels, they make the base of the hospitality industry’s strength. The Marriott Hotel in London is one such hotel. To understand what terms are these hotels classified into, the very specific categories that the hospitality industry puts them in it is important that one thoroughly analyzes and understands the hotels that make up each level and standard. This means to gauge the full effect and scope of a particular hotel, in this case the Marriott Hotel in London. This can be done best through either the SWOT analysis, defined by Albert Humphrey, which focuses on the strengths, we aknesses, opportunities and threats of an environment or the PESTLE analysis, which means analyzing the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors of a hotel. All will be used in reference to the internal or external environment of the hotel, respectively. Hotels are generally judged and analyzed based on two factors – that is, their internal and external environment (Jones and Lockwood, 2004). The internal environment of a hotel refers to all factors and features that remain exclusively confined to that establishment itself. For example, all factors such as the business revenue of the hotel, the physical features of the hotel, the staff and other positions of the hotel, all contribute towards the internal environment of the hotel. As an extension of this, it can be said that any factors contributing towards and influencing the internal environment and state of a hotel can also be considered part of the environment itself (Huo, 1995). The fact ors that decide what an internal environment is based upon are factors such as what a company wishes to provide its customers with, and how its strengths can cater to those requirements. Other factors can be the means with which to provide their services and the services it wishes to furnish those requirements. In summary, the strengths, aims, resources and requirements of an industry all contribute towards constructing its internal environment and the manifestation of these components is what provides the physical representation of this internal environment (Raghubalan and Balan, 2007). On the other hand, the external environment of a hotel refers to all factors and influences that come from outside the enterprise itself. This means, all factors other than the business’s own desires, aims, means etc are considered external environmental factors. The external environment factor can influence the internal environment of a hotel or enterprise, but it is not only confined to suc h an enterprise. It can have effects of its own independence, other than in relation to being an influencing factor. Government policies, economic conditions, technological advances are all factors that comprise the external environment, but the biggest most important factor of the external envi

Internet Copyright Laws Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Internet Copyright Laws A student comes home to his dorm at the University of Scranton after a rough day of classes. With the quick internet connection provided on the school’s network, the student makes a few clicks and logs into Morpheus, a program that enables music fans to download free music. Within a few minutes he is on his way to owning an unlimited amount of songs at no cost. Everything this student is doing is legal, right? Wrong. The downloaded music from the internet is copyrighted material. Today’s internet is considered an â€Å"information superhighway,† a device where anything from music, books, programs and information can be shared worldwide. Since billions of people have the ability to access the internet, the content of the internet can be difficult to regulate. One controversy which has risen because people can transmit and share information broadly via the internet is that of copyright infringement. Arguments over the rights to property on the internet have been heated. For example, Napster (similar to Morpheus) was sued for providing software that enabled internet users to download music at no cost. Since the internet is a device that is used worldwide, copyright laws should exist to protect people who own copyrights so their civil liberties are not infringed upon. Because the internet is sometimes considered unregulated, users often assume that the law does not apply to its use. Widespread misuse of people’s intellectual property via the internet occurs because of this belief, though anyone can access the internet. Since the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   number of people who have the ability to access the internet is so high, laws that are made to protect people’s publications in other media should also apply to protect them on the internet. Copyrights that protect products can sometimes be confusing to understand. The simplest way to identify copyright infringement is to question if the copyright is handed over with the product. For example, if a person owns a compact disc and lets a friend borrow it, the compact disc i... ...material is under copyright laws. However, while in court, it was thought the publications could be of public domain. The courts decided that the information was not an infringement and returned the confiscated property to Wollershiem and Penny. Copyright laws exist to protect the ownership of material. Where the material is located should not void the copyright. If copying property is for personal use, than a problem should not exist. If a person starts to make money or distribute the copied material, then a problem with copyright laws will arise. In this case, the provider of the material will be at fault. With the arrival of the electronic age, the internet will be another place where copyright laws are needed, and must be enforced; The internet cannot be free and unregulated. Whether it is a tape in a stereo, or a religious hoax on the internet, copyright laws must exist and be upheld to protect individuals from infringement of their property rights. Bibliography: Knowledge and Identity in the Electronic Age. Richard Fearer; McGraw-Hill, 1998. 124 131. Who owns digital works. Scientific American Publication. Ann Okerson; October 13, 2002. 37-41.

Assembly Language

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE An assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer, microcontroller, or other programmable device, in which each statement corresponds to a single machine code instruction. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine operation or opcode. Some opcodes require one or more operands as part of the instruction, and most assemblers can take labels and symbols as operands to represent addresses and constants, instead of hard coding them into the program. Macro assemblers include a macroinstruction facility so that assembly language text can be pre-assigned to a name, and that name can be used to insert the text into other code. Many assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, to control the assembly process, and to aid debugging.HISTORY OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Assembly languages date to the introduction of the stored-program computer. The EDSAC computer (1949) had an assembler called initial orders featuring one-letter mnemonics. Nathaniel Rochester wrote an assembler for an IBM 701 (1954). SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) (1955) was an assembly language for the IBM 650 computer written by Stan Poley. Assembly languages eliminated much of the error-prone and time-consuming first-generation programming needed with the earliest computers, freeing programmers from tedium such as remembering numeric codes and calculating addresses.They were once widely used for all sorts of programming. However, by the 1980s (1990s on microcomputers), their use had largely been supplanted by high-level languages, in the search for improved programming productivity. Today assembly language is still used for direct hardware manipulation, access to specialized processor instructions, or to address critical performance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systems. Historically, a large number of programs have been written entirely in assembly language. Operating systems were ntirely written in assembly language until the introduction of the Burroughs MCP (1961), which was written in ESPOL, an Algol dialect. Many commercial applications were written in assembly language as well, including a large amount of the IBM mainframe software written by large corporations. COBOL, FORTRAN and some PL/I eventually displaced much of this work, although a number of large organizations retained assembly-language application infrastructures well into the '90s. Most early microcomputers relied on hand-coded assembly language, including most operating systems and large applications.This was because these systems had severe resource constraints, imposed idiosyncratic memory and display architectures, and provided limited, buggy system services. Perhaps more important was the lack of first-class high-level language compilers suitable for microcomputer use. A psychological factor may have also played a role: the first generation of microcomputer programmers retained a hobbyist, â€Å"wires and pliers† attitude. In a more commercial context, the biggest reasons for using assembly language were minimal bloat (size), minimal overhead, greater speed, and reliability.Typical examples of large assembly language programs from this time are IBM PC DOS operating systems and early applications such as the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3. Even into the 1990s, most console video games were written in assembly, including most games for the Mega Drive/Genesis and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. According to some industry insiders, the assembly language was the best computer language to use to get the best performance out of the Sega Saturn, a console that was notoriously challenging to develop and program games for.The popular arcade game NBA Jam (1993) is another example. Assembly language has long been the primary development language for many popular home computers of the 1980s and 1990s (such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST). This was in large part because BASIC dialects on these systems offered insufficient execution speed, as well as insufficient facilities to take full advantage of the available hardware on these systems.Some systems, most notably the Amiga, even have IDEs with highly advanced debugging and macro facilities, such as the freeware ASM-One assembler, comparable to that of Microsoft Visual Studio facilities (ASM-One predates Microsoft Visual Studio). The Assembler for the VIC-20 was written by Don French and published by French Silk. At 1,639 bytes in length, its author believes it is the smallest symbolic assembler ever written. The assembler supported the usual symbolic addressing and the definition of character strings or hex strings.It also allowed address expressions which could be combined with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical AND, logical OR, and exponentiation operators. COMPILER A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.The name â€Å"compiler† is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e. g. , assembly language or machine code). If the compiled program can run on a computer whose CPU or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler r uns, the compiler is known as a cross-compiler. A program that translates from a low level language to a higher level one is a decompiler. A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator, source to source translator, or language converter.A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations: lexical analysis, preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis (Syntax-directed translation), code generation, and code optimization. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very difficult to track down and work around; therefore, compiler implementors invest significant effort to ensure the correctness of their software.The term compiler-compiler is sometimes used to refer to a parser generator, a tool often used to help create the lexer and parser. INTERPRETER In computer science, an interpreter normall y means a computer program that executes, i. e. performs, instructions written in a programming language. An interpreter may be a program that either 1. executes the source code directly 2. translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation (code) and immediately executes this 3. xplicitly executes stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the interpreter system While interpreting and compiling are the two main means by which programming languages are implemented, these are not fully mutually exclusive categories, one of the reasons being that most interpreting systems also perform some translation work, just like compilers. The terms â€Å"interpreted language† or â€Å"compiled language† merely mean that the canonical implementation of that language is an interpreter or a compiler; a high level language is basically an abstraction which is (ideally) independent of particular implementations.ASSEMBLER Assembler (meaning one that a ssembles) may refer to: It is a computer program that translate between lower-level representations of computer programs; it converts basic computer instructions into a pattern of bits which can be easily understood by a computer and the processor can use it to perform its basic operations Assembly Language Syntax Programs written in assembly language consist of a sequence of source statements. Each source statement consists of a sequence of ASCII characters ending with a carriage return.Each source statement may include up to four fields: a label, an operation (instruction mnemonic or assembler directive), an operand, and a comment. The following are examples of an assembly directive and a regular machine instruction. PORTA equ $0000; Assembly time constant INP ldaa PORTA; Read data from fixed address I/O data port An assembly language statement contains the following fields. Label Field can be used to define a symbol Operation Field defines the operation code or pseudo-op Operand Field specifies either the address or the data.Comment Field allows the programmer to document the software. Sometimes not all four fields are present in an assembly language statement. A line may contain just a comment. The first token in these lines must begin with a star (*) or a semicolon (;). For example, ; This line is a comment * this is a comment too * This line is a comment Instructions with inherent mode addressing do not have an operand field. For example, label clra comment deca comment cli comment inca comment DATA TYPES IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEThere is a large degree of diversity in the way the authors of assemblers categorize statements and in the nomenclature that they use. In particular, some describe anything other than a machine mnemonic or extended mnemonic as a pseudo-operation (pseudo-op). A typical assembly language consists of 3 types of instruction statements that are used to define program operations: †¢Opcode mnemonics †¢Data sections †¢Assembly directives Opcode mnemonics and extended mnemonics Instructions (statements) in assembly language are generally very simple, unlike those in high-level language.Generally, a mnemonic is a symbolic name for a single executable machine language instruction (an opcode), and there is at least one opcode mnemonic defined for each machine language instruction. Each instruction typically consists of an operation or opcode plus zero or more operands. Most instructions refer to a single value, or a pair of values. Operands can be immediate (value coded in the instruction itself), registers specified in the instruction or implied, or the addresses of data located elsewhere in storage.This is determined by the underlying processor architecture: the assembler merely reflects how this architecture works. Extended mnemonics are often used to specify a combination of an opcode with a specific operand, e. g. , the System/360 assemblers use B as an extended mnemonic for BC with a mask of 15 and NOP for BC with a mask of 0. Extended mnemonics are often used to support specialized uses of instructions, often for purposes not obvious from the instruction name. For example, many CPU's do not have an explicit NOP instruction, but do have instructions that can be used for the purpose.In 8086 CPUs the instruction xchg ax, ax is used for nop, with nop being a pseudo-opcode to encode the instruction xchg ax, ax. Some disassemblers recognize this and will decode the xchg ax, ax instruction as nop. Similarly, IBM assemblers for System/360 and System/370 use the extended mnemonics NOP and NOPR for BC and BCR with zero masks. For the SPARC architecture, these are known as synthetic instructions Some assemblers also support simple built-in macro-instructions that generate two or more machine instructions.For instance, with some Z80 assemblers the instruction ld hl, bc is recognized to generate ld l, c followed by ld h, b. These are sometimes known as pseudo-opcodes. Data sections There are instructions used to define data elements to hold data and variables. They define the type of data, the length and the alignment of data. These instructions can also define whether the data is available to outside programs (programs assembled separately) or only to the program in which the data section is defined. Some assemblers classify these as pseudo-ops. Assembly directivesAssembly directives, also called pseudo opcodes, pseudo-operations or pseudo-ops, are instructions that are executed by an assembler at assembly time, not by a CPU at run time. They can make the assembly of the program dependent on parameters input by a programmer, so that one program can be assembled different ways, perhaps for different applications. They also can be used to manipulate presentation of a program to make it easier to read and maintain. (For example, directives would be used to reserve storage areas and optionally their initial contents. The names of directives often start with a dot to disti nguish them from machine instructions. Symbolic assemblers let programmers associate arbitrary names (labels or symbols) with memory locations. Usually, every constant and variable is given a name so instructions can reference those locations by name, thus promoting self-documenting code. In executable code, the name of each subroutine is associated with its entry point, so any calls to a subroutine can use its name. Inside subroutines, GOTO destinations are given labels. Some assemblers support local symbols which are lexically distinct from normal symbols (e. . , the use of â€Å"10$† as a GOTO destination). Some assemblers provide flexible symbol management, letting programmers manage different namespaces, automatically calculate offsets within data structures, and assign labels that refer to literal values or the result of simple computations performed by the assembler. Labels can also be used to initialize constants and variables with relocatable addresses. Assembly lang uages, like most other computer languages, allow comments to be added to assembly source code that are ignored by the assembler.Good use of comments is even more important with assembly code than with higher-level languages, as the meaning and purpose of a sequence of instructions is harder to decipher from the code itself. Wise use of these facilities can greatly simplify the problems of coding and maintaining low-level code. Raw assembly source code as generated by compilers or disassemblers—code without any comments, meaningful symbols, or data definitions—is quite difficult to read when changes must be made. MacrosMany assemblers support predefined macros, and others support programmer-defined (and repeatedly re-definable) macros involving sequences of text lines in which variables and constants are embedded. This sequence of text lines may include opcodes or directives. Once a macro has been defined its name may be used in place of a mnemonic. When the assembler p rocesses such a statement, it replaces the statement with the text lines associated with that macro, then processes them as if they existed in the source code file (including, in some assemblers, expansion of any macros existing in the replacement text).Note that this definition of â€Å"macro† is slightly different from the use of the term in other contexts, like the C programming language. C macros created through the #define directive typically are just one line or a few lines at most. Assembler macro instructions can be lengthy â€Å"programs† by themselves, executed by interpretation by the assembler during assembly. Since macros can have ‘short' names but expand to several or indeed many lines of code, they can be used to make assembly language programs appear to be far shorter, requiring fewer lines of source code, as with higher level languages.They can also be used to add higher levels of structure to assembly programs, optionally introduce embedded debu gging code via parameters and other similar features. Macro assemblers often allow macros to take parameters. Some assemblers include quite sophisticated macro languages, incorporating such high-level language elements as optional parameters, symbolic variables, conditionals, string manipulation, and arithmetic operations, all usable during the execution of a given macro, and allowing macros to save context or exchange information.Thus a macro might generate a large number of assembly language instructions or data definitions, based on the macro arguments. This could be used to generate record-style data structures or â€Å"unrolled† loops, for example, or could generate entire algorithms based on complex parameters. An organization using assembly language that has been heavily extended using such a macro suite can be considered to be working in a higher-level language, since such programmers are not working with a computer's lowest-level conceptual elements.Macros were used to customize large scale software systems for specific customers in the mainframe era and were also used by customer personnel to satisfy their employers' needs by making specific versions of manufacturer operating systems. This was done, for example, by systems programmers working with IBM's Conversational Monitor System / Virtual Machine (VM/CMS) and with IBM's â€Å"real time transaction processing† add-ons, Customer Information Control System CICS, and ACP/TPF, the airline/financial system that began in the 1970s and still runs many large computer reservations systems (CRS) and credit card systems today.It was also possible to use solely the macro processing abilities of an assembler to generate code written in completely different languages, for example, to generate a version of a program in COBOL using a pure macro assembler program containing lines of COBOL code inside assembly time operators instructing the assembler to generate arbitrary code. This was because, as wa s realized in the 1960s, the concept of â€Å"macro processing† is independent of the concept of â€Å"assembly†, the former being in modern terms more word processing, text processing, than generating object code.The concept of macro processing appeared, and appears, in the C programming language, which supports â€Å"preprocessor instructions† to set variables, and make conditional tests on their values. Note that unlike certain previous macro processors inside assemblers, the C preprocessor was not Turing-complete because it lacked the ability to either loop or â€Å"go to†, the latter allowing programs to loop.Despite the power of macro processing, it fell into disuse in many high level languages (major exceptions being C/C++ and PL/I) while remaining a perennial for assemblers. Macro parameter substitution is strictly by name: at macro processing time, the value of a parameter is textually substituted for its name. The most famous class of bugs resul ting was the use of a parameter that itself was an expression and not a simple name when the macro writer expected a name.In the macro: foo: macro a load a*b the intention was that the caller would provide the name of a variable, and the â€Å"global† variable or constant b would be used to multiply â€Å"a†. If foo is called with the parameter a-c, the macro expansion of load a-c*b occurs. To avoid any possible ambiguity, users of macro processors can parenthesize formal parameters inside macro definitions, or callers can parenthesize the input parameters.

Literary Analysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight

Throughout the history of fictional writing, cultural values of certain time periods have been expressed and implemented through the depiction of the heroes’ experiences on their journeys and the knowledge they gain by the quest’s end. For example, in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a chivalric romance written in the Late Middle Ages, Gawain epitomizes a knight with the characteristics that knights from the Late Middle Ages were expected to possess according to the requirements outlined in the rules of chivalry, such as honor and valor. Likewise, Beowulf, the hero of the folk epic Beowulf, embodies the qualities of an exemplary hero as well as king. Therefore, in both stories, the reader encounters a heroic character that is presented with traits that Anglo-Saxons and the Middle English valued in their culture through their stories’ monomyths, a concept of similar and structural sequences that can be applied to many stories, created by Joseph Campbell. Some of t hese values are carried from the Early to Late Middle Ages and can be seen through the works of both Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf. The monomyth map, also called â€Å"The Hero’s Journey,† begins with a hero’s call to adventure. In both Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, both hero’s accept their call to adventure with pride and courage. Beowulf has heard of a demon who has caused much destruction in the Land of the Danes for years. Recalling his past with their king, he voluntarily travels toShow MoreRelatedBritish Literature Essay: Macbeth vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight653 Words   |  3 Pagestheir surrounding history. Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in 1604; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in the 1300’s by an unknown author. The following essay is going to compare and contrast the two stories mentioned above based on historical setting, cultural context, literary styles, and the aes thetic principles of the period in which they were written. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight were written in the late 14th century (1300’s) in Northwestern England. During this timeRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the poet depicts an entertaining story of adventure and intrigue. However, the poem is more than a grand adventure. It is an attempt to explore the moral ideals of Sir Gawain. Gawains standards are represented by the pentangle on his shield. The depiction of the pentangle occurs when Sir Gawain is preparing to gear up for his quest for the Green Chapel. Gawains outfit is described in great detail, including its color,Read MoreEssay about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1732 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a poem written during the medieval period about the Arthurian legend. Although the author is anonymous, it is apparent that the dialect of Sir Gawain points to an origin in provincial England, and it represents the cultural centers which remote from the royal court at London where Geoffrey Chaucer spent his life (Norton, 200). This poem is considered one of the best works of Middle English literature. One reason is that theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight3517 Words   |  15 PagesCora Orme Kapelle Medieval Literature 16 April 2015 Sir Gawain’s Performative Identity and Antifeminist Diatribe in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Medieval scholars continually inspect the particularities of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (SGGK) within the context of the preexisting Gawain literary tradition, and the issue of Gawain’s sudden antifeminist diatribe repeatedly comes to the forefront of these textual investigations. Often, literary critics claim that Gawain’s antifeminist outburst isRead MoreSupernatural Elements In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight And Prose Merlin1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthis are â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† and â€Å"Prose Merlin†. In â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, the Green Knight’s supernatural ability is used in order to provide Gawain the adventure he needs in order to prove himself to the other knights. In the eighth section in part one, the author describes the Green Knight as a â€Å"creature†, immediately implying to the readers that the Green Knight isn’t entirely human and of a different world. This is further confirmed when Gawain, the only knight to takeRead MoreRealism And Romance Coexistence By Charlotte Griffiths Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesthe use of chivalric act and quests for honour, the kindness and everlasting stoaty to one woman) By contrast, realism emphasizes on details, characters, objectivity, and separation of narrator and author (making characters more relatable, such as gawain having flaws) . Romanticism typically rebels against previous art and writing forms by emphasizing on beliefs, feelings, fantasies, and imaginations (Brown, 2009). The style utilizes personal freedom and impulsiveness hence breaking the barrier thatRead MoreDisposition in the Face of Adversity: an Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight2040 Words   |  9 PagesAdversity: An analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The Middle Ages, a period of turbulence, reform, and revolution yet the idea of Knighthood remained ever so stead-fast. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is an acclaimed Middle English poem published by an unknown author that highlights the preponderance of the English tradition. Sir Gawain is a knight belonging to the Arthurian court whose deference to his Lord and fidelity to the chivalric code are tested through a mysterious journey. In Sir GawainRead MoreThe Truth Behind the Knight: the Presence of Archetypes in Sir Gawain the Green Knight2908 Words   |  12 PagesThe Truth Behind the Knight: The Presence of Archetypes in Sir Gawain the Green Knight In the medieval story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, we are introduced to a young man, who, like many of young men, is trying to discover himself and travel through his rite of passage. He is trying to figure out who he is in life, and while in his journey, passes through many phases that mold him into one of the great Knights of the Round Table that old King Arthur wanted to serve with him. These phasesRead MoreChivalry In Song Of Roland, Percival And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1090 Words   |  5 PagesChivalry (An analysis of the treatment of chivalry in â€Å"Song of Roland†, â€Å"Percival†, â€Å"Arthur†, and â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†) Chivalry is defined as â€Å"the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code† (Oxford). During medieval times, those who received an immense amount of recognition were the ones who abided by the code of chivalry. These were the people who earned respect from other by giving it themselves. For example, when jousting, or fighting another knight, men wereRead MoreThe Noble Chivalric Code And The Middle Class1489 Words   |  6 Pages Intertwined in all the literary works of this time period, there was growing tension between the noble Chivalric Code and the middle class. There were six very different pieces written by six very different authors, who represented very different ideas of class division based on the timeframe in which they lived. From chivalry as a knight to ideals of the middle class, this theme is presented thoughout. Chivalry was an ambition, an alluring ideal to which young knights might aspire. â€Å"While Chivalry